Magnetism of materials: theory and practice in magnetic resonance imaging

Abstract All substances exert magnetic properties in some extent when placed in an external magnetic field. Magnetic susceptibility represents a measure of the magnitude of magnetization of a certain substance when the external magnetic field is applied. Depending on the tendency to be repelled or a...

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Autores principales:	Michele Gaeta, Marco Cavallaro, Sergio Lucio Vinci, Enricomaria Mormina, Alfredo Blandino, Maria Adele Marino, Francesca Granata, Agostino Tessitore, Karol Galletta, Tommaso D’Angelo, Carmela Visalli
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	SpringerOpen 2021
Materias:	Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Magnetic susceptibility Chemical shift Artifact reduction Medical physics. Medical radiology. Nuclear medicine R895-920
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/7ac899f0981d4cda9e57679c7db68d58
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:7ac899f0981d4cda9e57679c7db68d582021-12-05T12:07:24ZMagnetism of materials: theory and practice in magnetic resonance imaging10.1186/s13244-021-01125-z1869-4101https://doaj.org/article/7ac899f0981d4cda9e57679c7db68d582021-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s13244-021-01125-zhttps://doaj.org/toc/1869-4101Abstract All substances exert magnetic properties in some extent when placed in an external magnetic field. Magnetic susceptibility represents a measure of the magnitude of magnetization of a certain substance when the external magnetic field is applied. Depending on the tendency to be repelled or attracted by the magnetic field and in the latter case on the magnitude of this effect, materials can be classified as diamagnetic or paramagnetic, superparamagnetic and ferromagnetic, respectively. Knowledge of type and extent of susceptibility of common endogenous and exogenous substances and how their magnetic properties affect the conventional sequences used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can help recognize them and exalt or minimize their presence in the acquired images, so as to improve diagnosis in a wide variety of benign and malignant diseases. Furthermore, in the context of diamagnetic susceptibility, chemical shift imaging enables to assess the intra-voxel ratio between water and fat content, analyzing the tissue composition of various organs and allowing a precise fat quantification. The following article reviews the fundamental physical principles of magnetic susceptibility and examines the magnetic properties of the principal endogenous and exogenous substances of interest in MRI, providing potential through representative cases for improved diagnosis in daily clinical routine.Michele GaetaMarco CavallaroSergio Lucio VinciEnricomaria MorminaAlfredo BlandinoMaria Adele MarinoFrancesca GranataAgostino TessitoreKarol GallettaTommaso D’AngeloCarmela VisalliSpringerOpenarticleMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Magnetic susceptibilityChemical shiftArtifact reductionMedical physics. Medical radiology. Nuclear medicineR895-920ENInsights into Imaging, Vol 12, Iss 1, Pp 1-18 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Magnetic susceptibility Chemical shift Artifact reduction Medical physics. Medical radiology. Nuclear medicine R895-920
spellingShingle	Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Magnetic susceptibility Chemical shift Artifact reduction Medical physics. Medical radiology. Nuclear medicine R895-920 Michele Gaeta Marco Cavallaro Sergio Lucio Vinci Enricomaria Mormina Alfredo Blandino Maria Adele Marino Francesca Granata Agostino Tessitore Karol Galletta Tommaso D’Angelo Carmela Visalli Magnetism of materials: theory and practice in magnetic resonance imaging
description	Abstract All substances exert magnetic properties in some extent when placed in an external magnetic field. Magnetic susceptibility represents a measure of the magnitude of magnetization of a certain substance when the external magnetic field is applied. Depending on the tendency to be repelled or attracted by the magnetic field and in the latter case on the magnitude of this effect, materials can be classified as diamagnetic or paramagnetic, superparamagnetic and ferromagnetic, respectively. Knowledge of type and extent of susceptibility of common endogenous and exogenous substances and how their magnetic properties affect the conventional sequences used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can help recognize them and exalt or minimize their presence in the acquired images, so as to improve diagnosis in a wide variety of benign and malignant diseases. Furthermore, in the context of diamagnetic susceptibility, chemical shift imaging enables to assess the intra-voxel ratio between water and fat content, analyzing the tissue composition of various organs and allowing a precise fat quantification. The following article reviews the fundamental physical principles of magnetic susceptibility and examines the magnetic properties of the principal endogenous and exogenous substances of interest in MRI, providing potential through representative cases for improved diagnosis in daily clinical routine.
format	article
author	Michele Gaeta Marco Cavallaro Sergio Lucio Vinci Enricomaria Mormina Alfredo Blandino Maria Adele Marino Francesca Granata Agostino Tessitore Karol Galletta Tommaso D’Angelo Carmela Visalli
author_facet	Michele Gaeta Marco Cavallaro Sergio Lucio Vinci Enricomaria Mormina Alfredo Blandino Maria Adele Marino Francesca Granata Agostino Tessitore Karol Galletta Tommaso D’Angelo Carmela Visalli
author_sort	Michele Gaeta
title	Magnetism of materials: theory and practice in magnetic resonance imaging
title_short	Magnetism of materials: theory and practice in magnetic resonance imaging
title_full	Magnetism of materials: theory and practice in magnetic resonance imaging
title_fullStr	Magnetism of materials: theory and practice in magnetic resonance imaging
title_full_unstemmed	Magnetism of materials: theory and practice in magnetic resonance imaging
title_sort	magnetism of materials: theory and practice in magnetic resonance imaging
publisher	SpringerOpen
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/7ac899f0981d4cda9e57679c7db68d58
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Magnetism of materials: theory and practice in magnetic resonance imaging

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