Comprehensive Overview of Toxoplasma gondii-Induced and Associated Diseases

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a prevalent protozoan parasite of medical and veterinary significance. It is the etiologic agent of toxoplasmosis, a neglected disease in which incidence and symptoms differ between patients and regions. In immunocompetent patien...

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Autores principales:	Darine Daher, Ahmad Shaghlil, Eyad Sobh, Maguy Hamie, Malika Elhage Hassan, Mohamad Bahij Moumneh, Shaymaa Itani, Rana El Hajj, Lina Tawk, Marwan El Sabban, Hiba El Hajj
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	toxoplasmosis neuropathies psychiatric disorders behavioral disorders neurological disorders Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/7ad08a45ad104ee09b1f84d733663830
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:7ad08a45ad104ee09b1f84d7336638302021-11-25T18:37:31ZComprehensive Overview of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>-Induced and Associated Diseases10.3390/pathogens101113512076-0817https://doaj.org/article/7ad08a45ad104ee09b1f84d7336638302021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/11/1351https://doaj.org/toc/2076-0817<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> (<i>T. gondii</i>) is a prevalent protozoan parasite of medical and veterinary significance. It is the etiologic agent of toxoplasmosis, a neglected disease in which incidence and symptoms differ between patients and regions. In immunocompetent patients, toxoplasmosis manifests as acute and chronic forms. Acute toxoplasmosis presents as mild or asymptomatic disease that evolves, under the host immune response, into a persistent chronic disease in healthy individuals. Chronic toxoplasmosis establishes as latent tissue cysts in the brain and skeletal muscles. In immunocompromised patients, chronic toxoplasmosis may reactivate, leading to a potentially life-threatening condition. Recently, the association between toxoplasmosis and various diseases has been shown. These span primary neuropathies, behavioral and psychiatric disorders, and different types of cancer. Currently, a direct pre-clinical or clinical molecular connotation between toxoplasmosis and most of its associated diseases remains poorly understood. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on <i>Toxoplasma</i>-induced and associated diseases with a focus on available knowledge of the molecular players dictating these associations. We will also abridge the existing therapeutic options of toxoplasmosis and highlight the current gaps to explore the implications of toxoplasmosis on its associated diseases to advance treatment modalities.Darine DaherAhmad ShaghlilEyad SobhMaguy HamieMalika Elhage HassanMohamad Bahij MoumnehShaymaa ItaniRana El HajjLina TawkMarwan El SabbanHiba El HajjMDPI AGarticletoxoplasmosisneuropathiespsychiatric disordersbehavioral disordersneurological disordersMedicineRENPathogens, Vol 10, Iss 1351, p 1351 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	toxoplasmosis neuropathies psychiatric disorders behavioral disorders neurological disorders Medicine R
spellingShingle	toxoplasmosis neuropathies psychiatric disorders behavioral disorders neurological disorders Medicine R Darine Daher Ahmad Shaghlil Eyad Sobh Maguy Hamie Malika Elhage Hassan Mohamad Bahij Moumneh Shaymaa Itani Rana El Hajj Lina Tawk Marwan El Sabban Hiba El Hajj Comprehensive Overview of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>-Induced and Associated Diseases
description	<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> (<i>T. gondii</i>) is a prevalent protozoan parasite of medical and veterinary significance. It is the etiologic agent of toxoplasmosis, a neglected disease in which incidence and symptoms differ between patients and regions. In immunocompetent patients, toxoplasmosis manifests as acute and chronic forms. Acute toxoplasmosis presents as mild or asymptomatic disease that evolves, under the host immune response, into a persistent chronic disease in healthy individuals. Chronic toxoplasmosis establishes as latent tissue cysts in the brain and skeletal muscles. In immunocompromised patients, chronic toxoplasmosis may reactivate, leading to a potentially life-threatening condition. Recently, the association between toxoplasmosis and various diseases has been shown. These span primary neuropathies, behavioral and psychiatric disorders, and different types of cancer. Currently, a direct pre-clinical or clinical molecular connotation between toxoplasmosis and most of its associated diseases remains poorly understood. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on <i>Toxoplasma</i>-induced and associated diseases with a focus on available knowledge of the molecular players dictating these associations. We will also abridge the existing therapeutic options of toxoplasmosis and highlight the current gaps to explore the implications of toxoplasmosis on its associated diseases to advance treatment modalities.
format	article
author	Darine Daher Ahmad Shaghlil Eyad Sobh Maguy Hamie Malika Elhage Hassan Mohamad Bahij Moumneh Shaymaa Itani Rana El Hajj Lina Tawk Marwan El Sabban Hiba El Hajj
author_facet	Darine Daher Ahmad Shaghlil Eyad Sobh Maguy Hamie Malika Elhage Hassan Mohamad Bahij Moumneh Shaymaa Itani Rana El Hajj Lina Tawk Marwan El Sabban Hiba El Hajj
author_sort	Darine Daher
title	Comprehensive Overview of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>-Induced and Associated Diseases
title_short	Comprehensive Overview of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>-Induced and Associated Diseases
title_full	Comprehensive Overview of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>-Induced and Associated Diseases
title_fullStr	Comprehensive Overview of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>-Induced and Associated Diseases
title_full_unstemmed	Comprehensive Overview of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>-Induced and Associated Diseases
title_sort	comprehensive overview of <i>toxoplasma gondii</i>-induced and associated diseases
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/7ad08a45ad104ee09b1f84d733663830
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Comprehensive Overview of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>-Induced and Associated Diseases

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