Estimation of Emission Factors for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Petroleum Refineries

The hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) group is composed of 187 chemicals that are known to be potentially carcinogenic and dangerous for human health. Due to their toxicological impact, HAPs are an increasingly studied class of compounds. Of the different HAPs sources, refineries are one of the major...

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Autores principales:	Elisa Polvara, Luca Roveda, Marzio Invernizzi, Laura Capelli, Selena Sironi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	refinery emissions crude oil process prediction of emission levels VOC emissions benzene formaldehyde Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/7ae41e09d8424197ad084a591ab7b177
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:7ae41e09d8424197ad084a591ab7b1772021-11-25T16:45:55ZEstimation of Emission Factors for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Petroleum Refineries10.3390/atmos121115312073-4433https://doaj.org/article/7ae41e09d8424197ad084a591ab7b1772021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/11/1531https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4433The hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) group is composed of 187 chemicals that are known to be potentially carcinogenic and dangerous for human health. Due to their toxicological impact, HAPs are an increasingly studied class of compounds. Of the different HAPs sources, refineries are one of the major sources. In order to obtain a preliminary assessment of the impact of a refinery in terms of emissions, a useful instrument is the determination of the emission factor (EF). For this reason, this work, focusing on the USA refining scenario, aims to provide evidence for a generic trend in refinery emissions to evaluate a correlation between the plant size and the amount of its emissions, in particular the HAPs emissions. Based on the analysis of the data collected from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), a general trend in the emissions from refinery plants was established, showing a positive correlation between the HAPs emissions and the refinery size, represented by a value of the Pearson correlation coefficient <i>r</i> close to 1. Once this correlation was highlighted, a purpose of this work became the estimation of an organic HAPs emission factor (EF): from a whole refining plant, the EF of the total organic HAPs is equal to 10 g emitted for each ton of crude oil processed. Moreover, it was also possible to undertake the same evaluation for two specific HAP molecules: benzene and formaldehyde. The benzene and formaldehyde EFs are equal to, respectively, 0.8 g and 0.2 g for each ton of processed crude oil. This work provides a simple <i>rule of thumb</i> for the estimation of hazardous substances emitted from petroleum refineries in their mean operating conditions.Elisa PolvaraLuca RovedaMarzio InvernizziLaura CapelliSelena SironiMDPI AGarticlerefinery emissionscrude oil processprediction of emission levelsVOC emissionsbenzeneformaldehydeMeteorology. ClimatologyQC851-999ENAtmosphere, Vol 12, Iss 1531, p 1531 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	refinery emissions crude oil process prediction of emission levels VOC emissions benzene formaldehyde Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999
spellingShingle	refinery emissions crude oil process prediction of emission levels VOC emissions benzene formaldehyde Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999 Elisa Polvara Luca Roveda Marzio Invernizzi Laura Capelli Selena Sironi Estimation of Emission Factors for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Petroleum Refineries
description	The hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) group is composed of 187 chemicals that are known to be potentially carcinogenic and dangerous for human health. Due to their toxicological impact, HAPs are an increasingly studied class of compounds. Of the different HAPs sources, refineries are one of the major sources. In order to obtain a preliminary assessment of the impact of a refinery in terms of emissions, a useful instrument is the determination of the emission factor (EF). For this reason, this work, focusing on the USA refining scenario, aims to provide evidence for a generic trend in refinery emissions to evaluate a correlation between the plant size and the amount of its emissions, in particular the HAPs emissions. Based on the analysis of the data collected from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), a general trend in the emissions from refinery plants was established, showing a positive correlation between the HAPs emissions and the refinery size, represented by a value of the Pearson correlation coefficient <i>r</i> close to 1. Once this correlation was highlighted, a purpose of this work became the estimation of an organic HAPs emission factor (EF): from a whole refining plant, the EF of the total organic HAPs is equal to 10 g emitted for each ton of crude oil processed. Moreover, it was also possible to undertake the same evaluation for two specific HAP molecules: benzene and formaldehyde. The benzene and formaldehyde EFs are equal to, respectively, 0.8 g and 0.2 g for each ton of processed crude oil. This work provides a simple <i>rule of thumb</i> for the estimation of hazardous substances emitted from petroleum refineries in their mean operating conditions.
format	article
author	Elisa Polvara Luca Roveda Marzio Invernizzi Laura Capelli Selena Sironi
author_facet	Elisa Polvara Luca Roveda Marzio Invernizzi Laura Capelli Selena Sironi
author_sort	Elisa Polvara
title	Estimation of Emission Factors for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Petroleum Refineries
title_short	Estimation of Emission Factors for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Petroleum Refineries
title_full	Estimation of Emission Factors for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Petroleum Refineries
title_fullStr	Estimation of Emission Factors for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Petroleum Refineries
title_full_unstemmed	Estimation of Emission Factors for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Petroleum Refineries
title_sort	estimation of emission factors for hazardous air pollutants from petroleum refineries
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/7ae41e09d8424197ad084a591ab7b177
work_keys_str_mv	AT elisapolvara estimationofemissionfactorsforhazardousairpollutantsfrompetroleumrefineries AT lucaroveda estimationofemissionfactorsforhazardousairpollutantsfrompetroleumrefineries AT marzioinvernizzi estimationofemissionfactorsforhazardousairpollutantsfrompetroleumrefineries AT lauracapelli estimationofemissionfactorsforhazardousairpollutantsfrompetroleumrefineries AT selenasironi estimationofemissionfactorsforhazardousairpollutantsfrompetroleumrefineries
_version_	1718413027570614272

Estimation of Emission Factors for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Petroleum Refineries

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