Sex, population origin, age and average digit length as predictors of digit ratio in three large world populations

Abstract Recently, a number of authors have claimed that sexual dimorphism in the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is simply dependent on digit length and is an artifact of allometry. The goal of our study is to verify the validity of these assumptions. The study sample comprised 7,582 individua...

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Autores principales:	Marina Butovskaya, Valentina Burkova, Yulia Apalkova, Daria Dronova, Victoria Rostovtseva, Dmitriy Karelin, Ruzan Mkrtchyan, Marina Negasheva, Valery Batsevich
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/7b25489156c349b2b5fecbe7f80d9cde
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:7b25489156c349b2b5fecbe7f80d9cde2021-12-02T14:27:59ZSex, population origin, age and average digit length as predictors of digit ratio in three large world populations10.1038/s41598-021-87394-62045-2322https://doaj.org/article/7b25489156c349b2b5fecbe7f80d9cde2021-04-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87394-6https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Recently, a number of authors have claimed that sexual dimorphism in the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is simply dependent on digit length and is an artifact of allometry. The goal of our study is to verify the validity of these assumptions. The study sample comprised 7,582 individuals (3,802 men and 3,780 women) from three large world populations: Europeans (n = 3043), East Africans (n = 2844), and Central Asians (n = 1695). The lengths of the second and fourth digits on both hands were measured. Digit ratios were computed according to standard procedures. Analyses were conducted separately for each hand for the whole sample and in succession for the three large populations. Additionally, we separately tested four age cohorts (≤ 13, 14–18, 19–30, and 31 ≥ years) to test the effect of developmental allometry. The second and fourth digits showed strong positive linear relationships on both hands, and demonstrated an increase with age; digit length in women from the youngest age cohort was longer or equal to that of men, and shorter than men in older age cohorts. However, the 2D:4D magnitude and its sexual dimorphism remained stable throughout the ontogeny. To test for an allometric effect on 2D:4D, the average digit lengths were calculated. Both sex and population origin were permanent reliable predictors of 2D:4D, whereas average digit length was not. Height was applied as another measure of allometric effect on the limited sample (≤ 30 years) from the European population, along with sex and age. No allometric effect was observed in this case. We conclude that sex differences in 2D:4D are not an artifact of allometry.Marina ButovskayaValentina BurkovaYulia ApalkovaDaria DronovaVictoria RostovtsevaDmitriy KarelinRuzan MkrtchyanMarina NegashevaValery BatsevichNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-17 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Marina Butovskaya Valentina Burkova Yulia Apalkova Daria Dronova Victoria Rostovtseva Dmitriy Karelin Ruzan Mkrtchyan Marina Negasheva Valery Batsevich Sex, population origin, age and average digit length as predictors of digit ratio in three large world populations
description	Abstract Recently, a number of authors have claimed that sexual dimorphism in the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is simply dependent on digit length and is an artifact of allometry. The goal of our study is to verify the validity of these assumptions. The study sample comprised 7,582 individuals (3,802 men and 3,780 women) from three large world populations: Europeans (n = 3043), East Africans (n = 2844), and Central Asians (n = 1695). The lengths of the second and fourth digits on both hands were measured. Digit ratios were computed according to standard procedures. Analyses were conducted separately for each hand for the whole sample and in succession for the three large populations. Additionally, we separately tested four age cohorts (≤ 13, 14–18, 19–30, and 31 ≥ years) to test the effect of developmental allometry. The second and fourth digits showed strong positive linear relationships on both hands, and demonstrated an increase with age; digit length in women from the youngest age cohort was longer or equal to that of men, and shorter than men in older age cohorts. However, the 2D:4D magnitude and its sexual dimorphism remained stable throughout the ontogeny. To test for an allometric effect on 2D:4D, the average digit lengths were calculated. Both sex and population origin were permanent reliable predictors of 2D:4D, whereas average digit length was not. Height was applied as another measure of allometric effect on the limited sample (≤ 30 years) from the European population, along with sex and age. No allometric effect was observed in this case. We conclude that sex differences in 2D:4D are not an artifact of allometry.
format	article
author	Marina Butovskaya Valentina Burkova Yulia Apalkova Daria Dronova Victoria Rostovtseva Dmitriy Karelin Ruzan Mkrtchyan Marina Negasheva Valery Batsevich
author_facet	Marina Butovskaya Valentina Burkova Yulia Apalkova Daria Dronova Victoria Rostovtseva Dmitriy Karelin Ruzan Mkrtchyan Marina Negasheva Valery Batsevich
author_sort	Marina Butovskaya
title	Sex, population origin, age and average digit length as predictors of digit ratio in three large world populations
title_short	Sex, population origin, age and average digit length as predictors of digit ratio in three large world populations
title_full	Sex, population origin, age and average digit length as predictors of digit ratio in three large world populations
title_fullStr	Sex, population origin, age and average digit length as predictors of digit ratio in three large world populations
title_full_unstemmed	Sex, population origin, age and average digit length as predictors of digit ratio in three large world populations
title_sort	sex, population origin, age and average digit length as predictors of digit ratio in three large world populations
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/7b25489156c349b2b5fecbe7f80d9cde
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Sex, population origin, age and average digit length as predictors of digit ratio in three large world populations

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