The transition from the female-like great calls to male calls during ontogeny in southern yellow-cheeked gibbon males (Nomascus gabriellae)

Abstract It is well known that gibbons emit a pattern of vocalizations, which is specific for species and sex. A previous study showed, however, that immature southern yellow-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus gabriellae) males produce only female-like great calls from 2.3 to 5.3 years of age in co-singing in...

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Autores principales:	Michal Hradec, Gudrun Illmann, Luděk Bartoš, Petra Bolechová
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/7b2f835d527240f082e16bdfcfc14587
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:7b2f835d527240f082e16bdfcfc145872021-11-14T12:18:24ZThe transition from the female-like great calls to male calls during ontogeny in southern yellow-cheeked gibbon males (Nomascus gabriellae)10.1038/s41598-021-01648-x2045-2322https://doaj.org/article/7b2f835d527240f082e16bdfcfc145872021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01648-xhttps://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract It is well known that gibbons emit a pattern of vocalizations, which is specific for species and sex. A previous study showed, however, that immature southern yellow-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus gabriellae) males produce only female-like great calls from 2.3 to 5.3 years of age in co-singing interactions with their mothers. To date, nothing is known about how the vocal repertoire of a male changes from the female-like call (great call) to the male call (staccato notes and multi-modulation phrase) during vocal ontogeny. The goal of this study was to describe the transition from the female-like great call to the male call and the ontogeny of the male call. We predicted that the transition from the female-like great call to the male-specific call and the development of the male call is a normal part of the aging proces. If this is the case, the following phenomena will occur: (a) female vocalization should no longer be produced with the mature form of the multi-modulation phrase and (b) all stages of the male vocalization should occur gradually as the young male ages. Young males regularly emit both female-like great calls and male-specific calls between the ages of 5.6 to 7.1 years. Once the young males reached 7.1 years of age, they emitted male calls exclusively, and they continued to do so until the end of the observation period (at 8.11 years of age). It was confirmed that the young males emitted only female-like great calls during periods when they produced non-mature forms of a multi-modulation phrase (Fm0,1—none or one frequency modulation in second notes). Furhermore, the decrease in the number of female-like great calls was attributed to the development of the mature form of the multi-modulation phrase (Fm2—two or more frequency modulation in second notes), which developed with age. We also confirmed that the multi-modulation phrase developed gradually, while the development of the staccato notes occurred in leaps. A multi-modulation phrase developed as the initial part of the male-specific call. It was evolved from a simpler to a more complex form as the maximum frequency and age of the young males increased. Staccato notes subsequently developed in certain young males. Possible explanations for such vocal ontogeny in young males are discussed in this work.Michal HradecGudrun IllmannLuděk BartošPetra BolechováNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-9 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Michal Hradec Gudrun Illmann Luděk Bartoš Petra Bolechová The transition from the female-like great calls to male calls during ontogeny in southern yellow-cheeked gibbon males (Nomascus gabriellae)
description	Abstract It is well known that gibbons emit a pattern of vocalizations, which is specific for species and sex. A previous study showed, however, that immature southern yellow-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus gabriellae) males produce only female-like great calls from 2.3 to 5.3 years of age in co-singing interactions with their mothers. To date, nothing is known about how the vocal repertoire of a male changes from the female-like call (great call) to the male call (staccato notes and multi-modulation phrase) during vocal ontogeny. The goal of this study was to describe the transition from the female-like great call to the male call and the ontogeny of the male call. We predicted that the transition from the female-like great call to the male-specific call and the development of the male call is a normal part of the aging proces. If this is the case, the following phenomena will occur: (a) female vocalization should no longer be produced with the mature form of the multi-modulation phrase and (b) all stages of the male vocalization should occur gradually as the young male ages. Young males regularly emit both female-like great calls and male-specific calls between the ages of 5.6 to 7.1 years. Once the young males reached 7.1 years of age, they emitted male calls exclusively, and they continued to do so until the end of the observation period (at 8.11 years of age). It was confirmed that the young males emitted only female-like great calls during periods when they produced non-mature forms of a multi-modulation phrase (Fm0,1—none or one frequency modulation in second notes). Furhermore, the decrease in the number of female-like great calls was attributed to the development of the mature form of the multi-modulation phrase (Fm2—two or more frequency modulation in second notes), which developed with age. We also confirmed that the multi-modulation phrase developed gradually, while the development of the staccato notes occurred in leaps. A multi-modulation phrase developed as the initial part of the male-specific call. It was evolved from a simpler to a more complex form as the maximum frequency and age of the young males increased. Staccato notes subsequently developed in certain young males. Possible explanations for such vocal ontogeny in young males are discussed in this work.
format	article
author	Michal Hradec Gudrun Illmann Luděk Bartoš Petra Bolechová
author_facet	Michal Hradec Gudrun Illmann Luděk Bartoš Petra Bolechová
author_sort	Michal Hradec
title	The transition from the female-like great calls to male calls during ontogeny in southern yellow-cheeked gibbon males (Nomascus gabriellae)
title_short	The transition from the female-like great calls to male calls during ontogeny in southern yellow-cheeked gibbon males (Nomascus gabriellae)
title_full	The transition from the female-like great calls to male calls during ontogeny in southern yellow-cheeked gibbon males (Nomascus gabriellae)
title_fullStr	The transition from the female-like great calls to male calls during ontogeny in southern yellow-cheeked gibbon males (Nomascus gabriellae)
title_full_unstemmed	The transition from the female-like great calls to male calls during ontogeny in southern yellow-cheeked gibbon males (Nomascus gabriellae)
title_sort	transition from the female-like great calls to male calls during ontogeny in southern yellow-cheeked gibbon males (nomascus gabriellae)
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/7b2f835d527240f082e16bdfcfc14587
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The transition from the female-like great calls to male calls during ontogeny in southern yellow-cheeked gibbon males (Nomascus gabriellae)

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