Structure-Based Long-Term Biodegradation of the Azo Dye: Insights from the Bacterial Community Succession and Efficiency Comparison

In this study, microbial community dynamics were explored during biological degradation of azo dyes with different chemical structures. The effect of the different molecular structures of the azo dyes was also assessed against the simultaneous removal of color and the bacterial community. Winogradsk...

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Autores principales:	Chao Zhu, Zarak Mahmood, Muhammad Saboor Siddique, Heyou Wang, He Anqi, Mika Sillanpää
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	azo dye decolorization biodegradation gene metabarcoding bacterial community Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/7bf90bcda7894b5499d330d2628c9a9f
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:7bf90bcda7894b5499d330d2628c9a9f2021-11-11T19:54:39ZStructure-Based Long-Term Biodegradation of the Azo Dye: Insights from the Bacterial Community Succession and Efficiency Comparison10.3390/w132130172073-4441https://doaj.org/article/7bf90bcda7894b5499d330d2628c9a9f2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/21/3017https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4441In this study, microbial community dynamics were explored during biological degradation of azo dyes with different chemical structures. The effect of the different molecular structures of the azo dyes was also assessed against the simultaneous removal of color and the bacterial community. Winogradsky columns were inoculated with dewatered sludge and separately fed with six different azo dyes to conduct the sludge acclimatization process, and nine bacterial decolorizing strains were isolated and identified. The decolorization and biodegradation performances of the acclimated system and isolated strains were also determined. Results showed that the bacterial isolates involved in decolorization and the degradation of the azo dyes were mainly associated with the azo dye structure. After 24 h acclimatization at room temperature without specific illumination, immediate decolorization of methyl red (89%) and methyl orange (78%) was observed, due to their simple structure compared to tartrazine (73%). However, after 8 days of acclimatization, methyl red was easily decolorized up to 99%, and about 87% decolorization was observed for orange G (87%), due to its complex chemical structure. Higher degrees of degradation and decolorization were achieved with <i>Pseudomonas geniculate</i> strain Ka38 (Proteobacteria), <i>Bacillus cereus</i> strain 1FFF (Firmicutes) and <i>Klebsiella variicola</i> strain RVEV3 (Proteobacteria) with continuous shaking at 30 °C. The azo dyes with benzene rings were found to be easier to decolorize and degrade with similar microbial communities. Moreover, it seems that the chemical structures of the azo dyes, in a sense, drove the divergent succession of the bacterial community while reducing the diversity. This study gives a deep insight into the feasible structure-based artificial manipulation of bacterial communities and offers theoretical guidance for decolorizing azo dyes with mixed bacteria cultures.Chao ZhuZarak MahmoodMuhammad Saboor SiddiqueHeyou WangHe AnqiMika SillanpääMDPI AGarticleazo dyedecolorizationbiodegradationgene metabarcodingbacterial communityHydraulic engineeringTC1-978Water supply for domestic and industrial purposesTD201-500ENWater, Vol 13, Iss 3017, p 3017 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	azo dye decolorization biodegradation gene metabarcoding bacterial community Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
spellingShingle	azo dye decolorization biodegradation gene metabarcoding bacterial community Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500 Chao Zhu Zarak Mahmood Muhammad Saboor Siddique Heyou Wang He Anqi Mika Sillanpää Structure-Based Long-Term Biodegradation of the Azo Dye: Insights from the Bacterial Community Succession and Efficiency Comparison
description	In this study, microbial community dynamics were explored during biological degradation of azo dyes with different chemical structures. The effect of the different molecular structures of the azo dyes was also assessed against the simultaneous removal of color and the bacterial community. Winogradsky columns were inoculated with dewatered sludge and separately fed with six different azo dyes to conduct the sludge acclimatization process, and nine bacterial decolorizing strains were isolated and identified. The decolorization and biodegradation performances of the acclimated system and isolated strains were also determined. Results showed that the bacterial isolates involved in decolorization and the degradation of the azo dyes were mainly associated with the azo dye structure. After 24 h acclimatization at room temperature without specific illumination, immediate decolorization of methyl red (89%) and methyl orange (78%) was observed, due to their simple structure compared to tartrazine (73%). However, after 8 days of acclimatization, methyl red was easily decolorized up to 99%, and about 87% decolorization was observed for orange G (87%), due to its complex chemical structure. Higher degrees of degradation and decolorization were achieved with <i>Pseudomonas geniculate</i> strain Ka38 (Proteobacteria), <i>Bacillus cereus</i> strain 1FFF (Firmicutes) and <i>Klebsiella variicola</i> strain RVEV3 (Proteobacteria) with continuous shaking at 30 °C. The azo dyes with benzene rings were found to be easier to decolorize and degrade with similar microbial communities. Moreover, it seems that the chemical structures of the azo dyes, in a sense, drove the divergent succession of the bacterial community while reducing the diversity. This study gives a deep insight into the feasible structure-based artificial manipulation of bacterial communities and offers theoretical guidance for decolorizing azo dyes with mixed bacteria cultures.
format	article
author	Chao Zhu Zarak Mahmood Muhammad Saboor Siddique Heyou Wang He Anqi Mika Sillanpää
author_facet	Chao Zhu Zarak Mahmood Muhammad Saboor Siddique Heyou Wang He Anqi Mika Sillanpää
author_sort	Chao Zhu
title	Structure-Based Long-Term Biodegradation of the Azo Dye: Insights from the Bacterial Community Succession and Efficiency Comparison
title_short	Structure-Based Long-Term Biodegradation of the Azo Dye: Insights from the Bacterial Community Succession and Efficiency Comparison
title_full	Structure-Based Long-Term Biodegradation of the Azo Dye: Insights from the Bacterial Community Succession and Efficiency Comparison
title_fullStr	Structure-Based Long-Term Biodegradation of the Azo Dye: Insights from the Bacterial Community Succession and Efficiency Comparison
title_full_unstemmed	Structure-Based Long-Term Biodegradation of the Azo Dye: Insights from the Bacterial Community Succession and Efficiency Comparison
title_sort	structure-based long-term biodegradation of the azo dye: insights from the bacterial community succession and efficiency comparison
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/7bf90bcda7894b5499d330d2628c9a9f
work_keys_str_mv	AT chaozhu structurebasedlongtermbiodegradationoftheazodyeinsightsfromthebacterialcommunitysuccessionandefficiencycomparison AT zarakmahmood structurebasedlongtermbiodegradationoftheazodyeinsightsfromthebacterialcommunitysuccessionandefficiencycomparison AT muhammadsaboorsiddique structurebasedlongtermbiodegradationoftheazodyeinsightsfromthebacterialcommunitysuccessionandefficiencycomparison AT heyouwang structurebasedlongtermbiodegradationoftheazodyeinsightsfromthebacterialcommunitysuccessionandefficiencycomparison AT heanqi structurebasedlongtermbiodegradationoftheazodyeinsightsfromthebacterialcommunitysuccessionandefficiencycomparison AT mikasillanpaa structurebasedlongtermbiodegradationoftheazodyeinsightsfromthebacterialcommunitysuccessionandefficiencycomparison
_version_	1718431358562336768

Structure-Based Long-Term Biodegradation of the Azo Dye: Insights from the Bacterial Community Succession and Efficiency Comparison

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