Mechanisms underlying low-clinical responses to PD-1/PD-L1 blocking antibodies in immunotherapy of cancer: a key role of exosomal PD-L1

Exosomes, as the main group of extracellular vesicles, are biologically active lipid-bilayer vesicles that are naturally released from different types of normal or tumor cells. These vesicles play an important role in intercellular communication and influence the extracellular environment and the im...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Min Yu, Sheng Chen, Zi Yin, Tingting Ma, Chuanzhao Zhang, Shanzhou Huang, Mohammad Reza Karimzadeh, Amir Abaas Momtazi-Borojeni
Format: article
Language:EN
Published: BMJ Publishing Group 2021
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Online Access:https://doaj.org/article/7cc2dc4dcc8d40598ab784c274122ca0
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