Locomotion Mode Transition Prediction Based on Gait-Event Identification Using Wearable Sensors and Multilayer Perceptrons

People walk on different types of terrain daily; for instance, level-ground walking, ramp and stair ascent and descent, and stepping over obstacles are common activities in daily life. Movement patterns change as people move from one terrain to another. The prediction of transitions between locomoti...

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Autores principales:	Binbin Su, Yi-Xing Liu, Elena M. Gutierrez-Farewik
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	critical gait events locomotion mode exoskeleton control Chemical technology TP1-1185
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/7d35c8acd13d43da8a93504bd5d9e469
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:7d35c8acd13d43da8a93504bd5d9e4692021-11-25T18:56:44ZLocomotion Mode Transition Prediction Based on Gait-Event Identification Using Wearable Sensors and Multilayer Perceptrons10.3390/s212274731424-8220https://doaj.org/article/7d35c8acd13d43da8a93504bd5d9e4692021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/22/7473https://doaj.org/toc/1424-8220People walk on different types of terrain daily; for instance, level-ground walking, ramp and stair ascent and descent, and stepping over obstacles are common activities in daily life. Movement patterns change as people move from one terrain to another. The prediction of transitions between locomotion modes is important for developing assistive devices, such as exoskeletons, as the optimal assistive strategies may differ for different locomotion modes. The prediction of locomotion mode transitions is often accompanied by gait-event detection that provides important information during locomotion about critical events, such as foot contact (FC) and toe off (TO). In this study, we introduce a method to integrate locomotion mode prediction and gait-event identification into one machine learning framework, comprised of two multilayer perceptrons (MLP). Input features to the framework were from fused data from wearable sensors—specifically, electromyography sensors and inertial measurement units. The first MLP successfully identified FC and TO, FC events were identified accurately, and a small number of misclassifications only occurred near TO events. A small time difference (2.5 ms and −5.3 ms for FC and TO, respectively) was found between predicted and true gait events. The second MLP correctly identified walking, ramp ascent, and ramp descent transitions with the best aggregate accuracy of 96.3%, 90.1%, and 90.6%, respectively, with sufficient prediction time prior to the critical events. The models in this study demonstrate high accuracy in predicting transitions between different locomotion modes in the same side’s mid- to late stance of the stride prior to the step into the new mode using data from EMG and IMU sensors. Our results may help assistive devices achieve smooth and seamless transitions in different locomotion modes for those with motor disorders.Binbin SuYi-Xing LiuElena M. Gutierrez-FarewikMDPI AGarticlecritical gait eventslocomotion modeexoskeleton controlChemical technologyTP1-1185ENSensors, Vol 21, Iss 7473, p 7473 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	critical gait events locomotion mode exoskeleton control Chemical technology TP1-1185
spellingShingle	critical gait events locomotion mode exoskeleton control Chemical technology TP1-1185 Binbin Su Yi-Xing Liu Elena M. Gutierrez-Farewik Locomotion Mode Transition Prediction Based on Gait-Event Identification Using Wearable Sensors and Multilayer Perceptrons
description	People walk on different types of terrain daily; for instance, level-ground walking, ramp and stair ascent and descent, and stepping over obstacles are common activities in daily life. Movement patterns change as people move from one terrain to another. The prediction of transitions between locomotion modes is important for developing assistive devices, such as exoskeletons, as the optimal assistive strategies may differ for different locomotion modes. The prediction of locomotion mode transitions is often accompanied by gait-event detection that provides important information during locomotion about critical events, such as foot contact (FC) and toe off (TO). In this study, we introduce a method to integrate locomotion mode prediction and gait-event identification into one machine learning framework, comprised of two multilayer perceptrons (MLP). Input features to the framework were from fused data from wearable sensors—specifically, electromyography sensors and inertial measurement units. The first MLP successfully identified FC and TO, FC events were identified accurately, and a small number of misclassifications only occurred near TO events. A small time difference (2.5 ms and −5.3 ms for FC and TO, respectively) was found between predicted and true gait events. The second MLP correctly identified walking, ramp ascent, and ramp descent transitions with the best aggregate accuracy of 96.3%, 90.1%, and 90.6%, respectively, with sufficient prediction time prior to the critical events. The models in this study demonstrate high accuracy in predicting transitions between different locomotion modes in the same side’s mid- to late stance of the stride prior to the step into the new mode using data from EMG and IMU sensors. Our results may help assistive devices achieve smooth and seamless transitions in different locomotion modes for those with motor disorders.
format	article
author	Binbin Su Yi-Xing Liu Elena M. Gutierrez-Farewik
author_facet	Binbin Su Yi-Xing Liu Elena M. Gutierrez-Farewik
author_sort	Binbin Su
title	Locomotion Mode Transition Prediction Based on Gait-Event Identification Using Wearable Sensors and Multilayer Perceptrons
title_short	Locomotion Mode Transition Prediction Based on Gait-Event Identification Using Wearable Sensors and Multilayer Perceptrons
title_full	Locomotion Mode Transition Prediction Based on Gait-Event Identification Using Wearable Sensors and Multilayer Perceptrons
title_fullStr	Locomotion Mode Transition Prediction Based on Gait-Event Identification Using Wearable Sensors and Multilayer Perceptrons
title_full_unstemmed	Locomotion Mode Transition Prediction Based on Gait-Event Identification Using Wearable Sensors and Multilayer Perceptrons
title_sort	locomotion mode transition prediction based on gait-event identification using wearable sensors and multilayer perceptrons
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/7d35c8acd13d43da8a93504bd5d9e469
work_keys_str_mv	AT binbinsu locomotionmodetransitionpredictionbasedongaiteventidentificationusingwearablesensorsandmultilayerperceptrons AT yixingliu locomotionmodetransitionpredictionbasedongaiteventidentificationusingwearablesensorsandmultilayerperceptrons AT elenamgutierrezfarewik locomotionmodetransitionpredictionbasedongaiteventidentificationusingwearablesensorsandmultilayerperceptrons
_version_	1718410533108973568

Locomotion Mode Transition Prediction Based on Gait-Event Identification Using Wearable Sensors and Multilayer Perceptrons

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