N-acetylcysteine supplementation did not reverse mitochondrial oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in the salivary glands of hyperglycemic rats

Abstract Background/objectives Previous studies have shown that N-acetylcysteine (NAC) supplementation with the simultaneous inclusion of HFD prevents salivary glands from oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this experiment, we examined if NAC supplementation could reverse the harmful...

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Autores principales:	Zalewska Anna, Kuć Joanna, Zięba Sara, Matczuk Jan, Kostecka-Sochoń Paula, Szarmach Izabela, Ładny Jerzy Robert, Żendzian-Piotrowska Małgorzata, Maciejczyk Mateusz
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Publishing Group 2021
Materias:	Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases RC620-627
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/7d4af22de5fd430488132942e1e1c33d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:7d4af22de5fd430488132942e1e1c33d2021-11-14T12:24:59ZN-acetylcysteine supplementation did not reverse mitochondrial oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in the salivary glands of hyperglycemic rats10.1038/s41387-021-00177-w2044-4052https://doaj.org/article/7d4af22de5fd430488132942e1e1c33d2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-021-00177-whttps://doaj.org/toc/2044-4052Abstract Background/objectives Previous studies have shown that N-acetylcysteine (NAC) supplementation with the simultaneous inclusion of HFD prevents salivary glands from oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this experiment, we examined if NAC supplementation could reverse the harmful effect of HFD on mitochondrial function, reduce the severity of apoptosis, and the activity of pro-oxidative enzymes in the salivary glands of rats with confirmed hyperglycemia. Subjects/methods Wistar rats were fed the standard or high-fat (HFD) diet for 10 weeks. After 6 weeks of the experiment, HFD rats were diagnosed with hyperglycemia and for the next 4 weeks, the animals were given NAC intragastrically. In the mitochondrial fraction of the parotid (PG) and submandibular salivary glands (SMG), we assessed redox status, inflammation, and apoptosis. Results The inclusion of NAC increased the activity of mitochondrial complexes I and II + III as well as decreased the concentration of interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor α, and caspase-3, but only in the parotid glands of rats with hyperglycemia compared to the HFD group. However, N-acetylcysteine supplementation did not reduce the activity of caspase-9 or the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in PG and SMG mitochondria. In both salivary glands we observed reduced activity of cytochrome c oxidase, NADPH oxidase, and xanthine oxidase, as well as hindered production of ROS and lower ADP/ATP radio, but the levels of these parameters were not comparable to the control group. Conclusions We demonstrated that NAC supplementation restores the glutathione ratio only in the mitochondria of the submandibular salivary glands. The supply of NAC did not significantly affect the other measured parameters. Our results indicate that NAC supplementation provides little protection against free radicals, apoptosis, and inflammation in the salivary gland mitochondria of HFD rats. Stimulated salivary secretion in hyperglycaemic rats supplemented with NAC seems to be closely related to mitochondrial respiratory capacity and appropriate ATP level.Zalewska AnnaKuć JoannaZięba SaraMatczuk JanKostecka-Sochoń PaulaSzarmach IzabelaŁadny Jerzy RobertŻendzian-Piotrowska MałgorzataMaciejczyk MateuszNature Publishing GrouparticleNutritional diseases. Deficiency diseasesRC620-627ENNutrition & Diabetes, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-19 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases RC620-627
spellingShingle	Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases RC620-627 Zalewska Anna Kuć Joanna Zięba Sara Matczuk Jan Kostecka-Sochoń Paula Szarmach Izabela Ładny Jerzy Robert Żendzian-Piotrowska Małgorzata Maciejczyk Mateusz N-acetylcysteine supplementation did not reverse mitochondrial oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in the salivary glands of hyperglycemic rats
description	Abstract Background/objectives Previous studies have shown that N-acetylcysteine (NAC) supplementation with the simultaneous inclusion of HFD prevents salivary glands from oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this experiment, we examined if NAC supplementation could reverse the harmful effect of HFD on mitochondrial function, reduce the severity of apoptosis, and the activity of pro-oxidative enzymes in the salivary glands of rats with confirmed hyperglycemia. Subjects/methods Wistar rats were fed the standard or high-fat (HFD) diet for 10 weeks. After 6 weeks of the experiment, HFD rats were diagnosed with hyperglycemia and for the next 4 weeks, the animals were given NAC intragastrically. In the mitochondrial fraction of the parotid (PG) and submandibular salivary glands (SMG), we assessed redox status, inflammation, and apoptosis. Results The inclusion of NAC increased the activity of mitochondrial complexes I and II + III as well as decreased the concentration of interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor α, and caspase-3, but only in the parotid glands of rats with hyperglycemia compared to the HFD group. However, N-acetylcysteine supplementation did not reduce the activity of caspase-9 or the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in PG and SMG mitochondria. In both salivary glands we observed reduced activity of cytochrome c oxidase, NADPH oxidase, and xanthine oxidase, as well as hindered production of ROS and lower ADP/ATP radio, but the levels of these parameters were not comparable to the control group. Conclusions We demonstrated that NAC supplementation restores the glutathione ratio only in the mitochondria of the submandibular salivary glands. The supply of NAC did not significantly affect the other measured parameters. Our results indicate that NAC supplementation provides little protection against free radicals, apoptosis, and inflammation in the salivary gland mitochondria of HFD rats. Stimulated salivary secretion in hyperglycaemic rats supplemented with NAC seems to be closely related to mitochondrial respiratory capacity and appropriate ATP level.
format	article
author	Zalewska Anna Kuć Joanna Zięba Sara Matczuk Jan Kostecka-Sochoń Paula Szarmach Izabela Ładny Jerzy Robert Żendzian-Piotrowska Małgorzata Maciejczyk Mateusz
author_facet	Zalewska Anna Kuć Joanna Zięba Sara Matczuk Jan Kostecka-Sochoń Paula Szarmach Izabela Ładny Jerzy Robert Żendzian-Piotrowska Małgorzata Maciejczyk Mateusz
author_sort	Zalewska Anna
title	N-acetylcysteine supplementation did not reverse mitochondrial oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in the salivary glands of hyperglycemic rats
title_short	N-acetylcysteine supplementation did not reverse mitochondrial oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in the salivary glands of hyperglycemic rats
title_full	N-acetylcysteine supplementation did not reverse mitochondrial oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in the salivary glands of hyperglycemic rats
title_fullStr	N-acetylcysteine supplementation did not reverse mitochondrial oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in the salivary glands of hyperglycemic rats
title_full_unstemmed	N-acetylcysteine supplementation did not reverse mitochondrial oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in the salivary glands of hyperglycemic rats
title_sort	n-acetylcysteine supplementation did not reverse mitochondrial oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in the salivary glands of hyperglycemic rats
publisher	Nature Publishing Group
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/7d4af22de5fd430488132942e1e1c33d
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N-acetylcysteine supplementation did not reverse mitochondrial oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in the salivary glands of hyperglycemic rats

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