New Insights into the Host–Pathogen Interaction of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Avian Metapneumovirus in Tracheal Organ Cultures of Chicken

Respiratory pathogens are a health threat for poultry. Co-infections lead to the exacerbation of clinical symptoms and lesions. Mycoplasma gallisepticum (M. gallispeticum) and Avian Metapneumovirus (AMPV) are two avian respiratory pathogens that co-circulate wor...

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Autores principales:	Nancy Rüger, Hicham Sid, Jochen Meens, Michael P. Szostak, Wolfgang Baumgärtner, Frederik Bexter, Silke Rautenschlein
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	avian metapneumovirus <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> TOC co-infection innate immunity interferon Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/7d6ae98ea30843c48e6653983e142270
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:7d6ae98ea30843c48e6653983e1422702021-11-25T18:25:45ZNew Insights into the Host–Pathogen Interaction of <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> and Avian Metapneumovirus in Tracheal Organ Cultures of Chicken10.3390/microorganisms91124072076-2607https://doaj.org/article/7d6ae98ea30843c48e6653983e1422702021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/11/2407https://doaj.org/toc/2076-2607Respiratory pathogens are a health threat for poultry. Co-infections lead to the exacerbation of clinical symptoms and lesions. <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> (<i>M. gallispeticum</i>) and Avian Metapneumovirus (AMPV) are two avian respiratory pathogens that co-circulate worldwide. The knowledge about the host–pathogen interaction of <i>M. gallispeticum</i> and AMPV in the chicken respiratory tract is limited. We aimed to investigate how co-infections affect the pathogenesis of the respiratory disease and whether the order of invading pathogens leads to changes in host–pathogen interaction. We used chicken tracheal organ cultures (TOC) to investigate pathogen invasion and replication, lesion development, and selected innate immune responses, such as interferon (IFN) α, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and IFNλ mRNA expression levels. We performed mono-inoculations (AMPV or <i>M. gallispeticum</i>) or dual-inoculations in two orders with a 24-h interval between the first and second pathogen. Dual-inoculations compared to mono-inoculations resulted in more severe host reactions. Pre-infection with AMPV followed by <i>M. gallispeticum</i> resulted in prolonged viral replication, more significant innate immune responses, and lesions (<i>p</i> < 0.05). AMPV as the secondary pathogen impaired the bacterial attachment process. Consequently, the <i>M. gallispeticum</i> replication was delayed, the innate immune response was less pronounced, and lesions appeared later. Our results suggest a competing process in co-infections and offer new insights in disease processes.Nancy RügerHicham SidJochen MeensMichael P. SzostakWolfgang BaumgärtnerFrederik BexterSilke RautenschleinMDPI AGarticleavian metapneumovirus<i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i>TOCco-infectioninnate immunityinterferonBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENMicroorganisms, Vol 9, Iss 2407, p 2407 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	avian metapneumovirus <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> TOC co-infection innate immunity interferon Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	avian metapneumovirus <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> TOC co-infection innate immunity interferon Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Nancy Rüger Hicham Sid Jochen Meens Michael P. Szostak Wolfgang Baumgärtner Frederik Bexter Silke Rautenschlein New Insights into the Host–Pathogen Interaction of <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> and Avian Metapneumovirus in Tracheal Organ Cultures of Chicken
description	Respiratory pathogens are a health threat for poultry. Co-infections lead to the exacerbation of clinical symptoms and lesions. <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> (<i>M. gallispeticum</i>) and Avian Metapneumovirus (AMPV) are two avian respiratory pathogens that co-circulate worldwide. The knowledge about the host–pathogen interaction of <i>M. gallispeticum</i> and AMPV in the chicken respiratory tract is limited. We aimed to investigate how co-infections affect the pathogenesis of the respiratory disease and whether the order of invading pathogens leads to changes in host–pathogen interaction. We used chicken tracheal organ cultures (TOC) to investigate pathogen invasion and replication, lesion development, and selected innate immune responses, such as interferon (IFN) α, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and IFNλ mRNA expression levels. We performed mono-inoculations (AMPV or <i>M. gallispeticum</i>) or dual-inoculations in two orders with a 24-h interval between the first and second pathogen. Dual-inoculations compared to mono-inoculations resulted in more severe host reactions. Pre-infection with AMPV followed by <i>M. gallispeticum</i> resulted in prolonged viral replication, more significant innate immune responses, and lesions (<i>p</i> < 0.05). AMPV as the secondary pathogen impaired the bacterial attachment process. Consequently, the <i>M. gallispeticum</i> replication was delayed, the innate immune response was less pronounced, and lesions appeared later. Our results suggest a competing process in co-infections and offer new insights in disease processes.
format	article
author	Nancy Rüger Hicham Sid Jochen Meens Michael P. Szostak Wolfgang Baumgärtner Frederik Bexter Silke Rautenschlein
author_facet	Nancy Rüger Hicham Sid Jochen Meens Michael P. Szostak Wolfgang Baumgärtner Frederik Bexter Silke Rautenschlein
author_sort	Nancy Rüger
title	New Insights into the Host–Pathogen Interaction of <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> and Avian Metapneumovirus in Tracheal Organ Cultures of Chicken
title_short	New Insights into the Host–Pathogen Interaction of <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> and Avian Metapneumovirus in Tracheal Organ Cultures of Chicken
title_full	New Insights into the Host–Pathogen Interaction of <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> and Avian Metapneumovirus in Tracheal Organ Cultures of Chicken
title_fullStr	New Insights into the Host–Pathogen Interaction of <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> and Avian Metapneumovirus in Tracheal Organ Cultures of Chicken
title_full_unstemmed	New Insights into the Host–Pathogen Interaction of <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> and Avian Metapneumovirus in Tracheal Organ Cultures of Chicken
title_sort	new insights into the host–pathogen interaction of <i>mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> and avian metapneumovirus in tracheal organ cultures of chicken
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/7d6ae98ea30843c48e6653983e142270
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New Insights into the Host–Pathogen Interaction of <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> and Avian Metapneumovirus in Tracheal Organ Cultures of Chicken

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