The Role of GDF15 as a Myomitokine

Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a cytokine best known for affecting systemic energy metabolism through its anorectic action. GDF15 expression and secretion from various organs and tissues is induced in different physiological and pathophysiological states, often linked to mitochondrial s...

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Autores principales:	Kornelia Johann, Maximilian Kleinert, Susanne Klaus
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	anorexia appetite regulation cardiokine cytokine exercise mitochondria Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/7d6ce1521e0e4cc19d69ad7c6218cc13
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:7d6ce1521e0e4cc19d69ad7c6218cc132021-11-25T17:10:09ZThe Role of GDF15 as a Myomitokine10.3390/cells101129902073-4409https://doaj.org/article/7d6ce1521e0e4cc19d69ad7c6218cc132021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/11/2990https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4409Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a cytokine best known for affecting systemic energy metabolism through its anorectic action. GDF15 expression and secretion from various organs and tissues is induced in different physiological and pathophysiological states, often linked to mitochondrial stress, leading to highly variable circulating GDF15 levels. In skeletal muscle and the heart, the basal expression of GDF15 is very low compared to other organs, but GDF15 expression and secretion can be induced in various stress conditions, such as intense exercise and acute myocardial infarction, respectively. GDF15 is thus considered as a myokine and cardiokine. GFRAL, the exclusive receptor for GDF15, is expressed in hindbrain neurons and activation of the GDF15–GFRAL pathway is linked to an increased sympathetic outflow and possibly an activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress axis. There is also evidence for peripheral, direct effects of GDF15 on adipose tissue lipolysis and possible autocrine cardiac effects. Metabolic and behavioral outcomes of GDF15 signaling can be beneficial or detrimental, likely depending on the magnitude and duration of the GDF15 signal. This is especially apparent for GDF15 production in muscle, which can be induced both by exercise and by muscle disease states such as sarcopenia and mitochondrial myopathy.Kornelia JohannMaximilian KleinertSusanne KlausMDPI AGarticleanorexiaappetite regulationcardiokinecytokineexercisemitochondriaBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENCells, Vol 10, Iss 2990, p 2990 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	anorexia appetite regulation cardiokine cytokine exercise mitochondria Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	anorexia appetite regulation cardiokine cytokine exercise mitochondria Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Kornelia Johann Maximilian Kleinert Susanne Klaus The Role of GDF15 as a Myomitokine
description	Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a cytokine best known for affecting systemic energy metabolism through its anorectic action. GDF15 expression and secretion from various organs and tissues is induced in different physiological and pathophysiological states, often linked to mitochondrial stress, leading to highly variable circulating GDF15 levels. In skeletal muscle and the heart, the basal expression of GDF15 is very low compared to other organs, but GDF15 expression and secretion can be induced in various stress conditions, such as intense exercise and acute myocardial infarction, respectively. GDF15 is thus considered as a myokine and cardiokine. GFRAL, the exclusive receptor for GDF15, is expressed in hindbrain neurons and activation of the GDF15–GFRAL pathway is linked to an increased sympathetic outflow and possibly an activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress axis. There is also evidence for peripheral, direct effects of GDF15 on adipose tissue lipolysis and possible autocrine cardiac effects. Metabolic and behavioral outcomes of GDF15 signaling can be beneficial or detrimental, likely depending on the magnitude and duration of the GDF15 signal. This is especially apparent for GDF15 production in muscle, which can be induced both by exercise and by muscle disease states such as sarcopenia and mitochondrial myopathy.
format	article
author	Kornelia Johann Maximilian Kleinert Susanne Klaus
author_facet	Kornelia Johann Maximilian Kleinert Susanne Klaus
author_sort	Kornelia Johann
title	The Role of GDF15 as a Myomitokine
title_short	The Role of GDF15 as a Myomitokine
title_full	The Role of GDF15 as a Myomitokine
title_fullStr	The Role of GDF15 as a Myomitokine
title_full_unstemmed	The Role of GDF15 as a Myomitokine
title_sort	role of gdf15 as a myomitokine
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/7d6ce1521e0e4cc19d69ad7c6218cc13
work_keys_str_mv	AT korneliajohann theroleofgdf15asamyomitokine AT maximiliankleinert theroleofgdf15asamyomitokine AT susanneklaus theroleofgdf15asamyomitokine AT korneliajohann roleofgdf15asamyomitokine AT maximiliankleinert roleofgdf15asamyomitokine AT susanneklaus roleofgdf15asamyomitokine
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The Role of GDF15 as a Myomitokine

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