Epidemiological study on foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants: Sero-prevalence and risk factor assessment in Kenya.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Kenya affecting cloven-hoofed ruminants. The epidemiology of the disease in small ruminants (SR) in Kenya is not documented. We carried out a cross-sectional study, the first in Kenya, to estimate the sero-prevalence of FMD in SR and the associated risk fac...

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Autores principales:	Eunice C Chepkwony, George C Gitao, Gerald M Muchemi, Abraham K Sangula, Salome W Kairu-Wanyoike
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/7da159acd2b94437b751a4b5755ee44e
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:7da159acd2b94437b751a4b5755ee44e2021-12-02T20:15:20ZEpidemiological study on foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants: Sero-prevalence and risk factor assessment in Kenya.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0234286https://doaj.org/article/7da159acd2b94437b751a4b5755ee44e2021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234286https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Kenya affecting cloven-hoofed ruminants. The epidemiology of the disease in small ruminants (SR) in Kenya is not documented. We carried out a cross-sectional study, the first in Kenya, to estimate the sero-prevalence of FMD in SR and the associated risk factors nationally. Selection of animals to be sampled used a multistage cluster sampling approach. Serum samples totaling 7564 were screened for FMD antibodies of non-structural-proteins using ID Screen® NSP Competition ELISA kit. To identify the risk factors, generalized linear mixed effects (GLMM) logistic regression analysis with county and villages as random effect variables was used. The country animal level sero-prevalence was 22.5% (95% CI: 22.3%-24.3%) while herd level sero-prevalence was 77.6% (95% CI: 73.9%-80.9%). The risk factor that was significantly positively associated with FMD sero-positivity in SR was multipurpose production type (OR = 1.307; p = 0.042). The risk factors that were significantly negatively associated with FMD sero-positivity were male sex (OR = 0.796; p = 0.007), young age (OR = 0.470; p = 0.010), and sedentary production zone (OR = 0.324; p<0.001). There were no statistically significant intra class correlations among the random effect variables but interactions between age and sex variables among the studied animals were statistically significant (p = 0.019). This study showed that there may be widespread undetected virus circulation in SR indicated by the near ubiquitous spatial distribution of significant FMD sero-positivity in the country. Strengthening of risk-based FMD surveillance in small ruminants is recommended. Adjustment of husbandry practices to control FMD in SR and in-contact species is suggested. Cross-transmission of FMD and more risk factors need to be researched.Eunice C ChepkwonyGeorge C GitaoGerald M MuchemiAbraham K SangulaSalome W Kairu-WanyoikePublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 8, p e0234286 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Eunice C Chepkwony George C Gitao Gerald M Muchemi Abraham K Sangula Salome W Kairu-Wanyoike Epidemiological study on foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants: Sero-prevalence and risk factor assessment in Kenya.
description	Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Kenya affecting cloven-hoofed ruminants. The epidemiology of the disease in small ruminants (SR) in Kenya is not documented. We carried out a cross-sectional study, the first in Kenya, to estimate the sero-prevalence of FMD in SR and the associated risk factors nationally. Selection of animals to be sampled used a multistage cluster sampling approach. Serum samples totaling 7564 were screened for FMD antibodies of non-structural-proteins using ID Screen® NSP Competition ELISA kit. To identify the risk factors, generalized linear mixed effects (GLMM) logistic regression analysis with county and villages as random effect variables was used. The country animal level sero-prevalence was 22.5% (95% CI: 22.3%-24.3%) while herd level sero-prevalence was 77.6% (95% CI: 73.9%-80.9%). The risk factor that was significantly positively associated with FMD sero-positivity in SR was multipurpose production type (OR = 1.307; p = 0.042). The risk factors that were significantly negatively associated with FMD sero-positivity were male sex (OR = 0.796; p = 0.007), young age (OR = 0.470; p = 0.010), and sedentary production zone (OR = 0.324; p<0.001). There were no statistically significant intra class correlations among the random effect variables but interactions between age and sex variables among the studied animals were statistically significant (p = 0.019). This study showed that there may be widespread undetected virus circulation in SR indicated by the near ubiquitous spatial distribution of significant FMD sero-positivity in the country. Strengthening of risk-based FMD surveillance in small ruminants is recommended. Adjustment of husbandry practices to control FMD in SR and in-contact species is suggested. Cross-transmission of FMD and more risk factors need to be researched.
format	article
author	Eunice C Chepkwony George C Gitao Gerald M Muchemi Abraham K Sangula Salome W Kairu-Wanyoike
author_facet	Eunice C Chepkwony George C Gitao Gerald M Muchemi Abraham K Sangula Salome W Kairu-Wanyoike
author_sort	Eunice C Chepkwony
title	Epidemiological study on foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants: Sero-prevalence and risk factor assessment in Kenya.
title_short	Epidemiological study on foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants: Sero-prevalence and risk factor assessment in Kenya.
title_full	Epidemiological study on foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants: Sero-prevalence and risk factor assessment in Kenya.
title_fullStr	Epidemiological study on foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants: Sero-prevalence and risk factor assessment in Kenya.
title_full_unstemmed	Epidemiological study on foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants: Sero-prevalence and risk factor assessment in Kenya.
title_sort	epidemiological study on foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants: sero-prevalence and risk factor assessment in kenya.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/7da159acd2b94437b751a4b5755ee44e
work_keys_str_mv	AT eunicecchepkwony epidemiologicalstudyonfootandmouthdiseaseinsmallruminantsseroprevalenceandriskfactorassessmentinkenya AT georgecgitao epidemiologicalstudyonfootandmouthdiseaseinsmallruminantsseroprevalenceandriskfactorassessmentinkenya AT geraldmmuchemi epidemiologicalstudyonfootandmouthdiseaseinsmallruminantsseroprevalenceandriskfactorassessmentinkenya AT abrahamksangula epidemiologicalstudyonfootandmouthdiseaseinsmallruminantsseroprevalenceandriskfactorassessmentinkenya AT salomewkairuwanyoike epidemiologicalstudyonfootandmouthdiseaseinsmallruminantsseroprevalenceandriskfactorassessmentinkenya
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Epidemiological study on foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants: Sero-prevalence and risk factor assessment in Kenya.

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