The Shape Diversity of Olive Stones Resulting from Domestication and Diversification Unveils Traits of the Oldest Known 6500-Years-Old Table Olives from Hishuley Carmel Site (Israel)

The first exploited and domesticated olive forms are still unknown. The exceptionally well-preserved stones from the submerged Hishuley Carmel site (Israel), dating from the middle of the 7th millennium BP, offer us the opportunity to study the oldest table olives discovered so far. We apply a geome...

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Autores principales:	Jean-Frédéric Terral, Vincent Bonhomme, Clémence Pagnoux, Sarah Ivorra, Claire Newton, Laure Paradis, Mohammed Ater, Jalal Kassout, Bertrand Limier, Laurent Bouby, Fiona Cornet, Oz Barazani, Arnon Dag, Ehud Galili
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	archaeobiology domestication and diversification morphometrics <i>Olea europaea</i> L. subsp. <i>europaea</i> (olive tree) perennial crop history shape diversity Agriculture S
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/7dbfe4b495ec4bf6a6d9c704228821a5
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:7dbfe4b495ec4bf6a6d9c704228821a52021-11-25T16:05:53ZThe Shape Diversity of Olive Stones Resulting from Domestication and Diversification Unveils Traits of the Oldest Known 6500-Years-Old Table Olives from Hishuley Carmel Site (Israel)10.3390/agronomy111121872073-4395https://doaj.org/article/7dbfe4b495ec4bf6a6d9c704228821a52021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/11/2187https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4395The first exploited and domesticated olive forms are still unknown. The exceptionally well-preserved stones from the submerged Hishuley Carmel site (Israel), dating from the middle of the 7th millennium BP, offer us the opportunity to study the oldest table olives discovered so far. We apply a geometrical morphometric analysis in reference to a collection of modern stones from supposed wild populations and traditional varieties of various origins, genetic lineages and uses. Analyses carried out on modern material allow the characterization of the extent of stone morphological variation in the olive tree and the differentiation of distinct morphotypes. They also allow to discuss the status of supposed wild populations and the divergence between groups of varieties and their wild progenitors, interpreted from evolutionary and biogeographical perspectives. The shape of archaeological stones compared to the differentiation model unveils morphological traits of olives most likely belonging to both wild olive trees and domesticated forms, with some of them showing a notable domestication syndrome. These forms at the early stages of domestication, some of which are surprisingly morphologically close to modern varieties, were probably used for dual use (production of olive oil and table olives), and possibly contributed to the dispersion of the olive tree throughout the Mediterranean Basin and to its subsequent diversification.Jean-Frédéric TerralVincent BonhommeClémence PagnouxSarah IvorraClaire NewtonLaure ParadisMohammed AterJalal KassoutBertrand LimierLaurent BoubyFiona CornetOz BarazaniArnon DagEhud GaliliMDPI AGarticlearchaeobiologydomestication and diversificationmorphometrics<i>Olea europaea</i> L. subsp. <i>europaea</i> (olive tree)perennial crop historyshape diversityAgricultureSENAgronomy, Vol 11, Iss 2187, p 2187 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	archaeobiology domestication and diversification morphometrics <i>Olea europaea</i> L. subsp. <i>europaea</i> (olive tree) perennial crop history shape diversity Agriculture S
spellingShingle	archaeobiology domestication and diversification morphometrics <i>Olea europaea</i> L. subsp. <i>europaea</i> (olive tree) perennial crop history shape diversity Agriculture S Jean-Frédéric Terral Vincent Bonhomme Clémence Pagnoux Sarah Ivorra Claire Newton Laure Paradis Mohammed Ater Jalal Kassout Bertrand Limier Laurent Bouby Fiona Cornet Oz Barazani Arnon Dag Ehud Galili The Shape Diversity of Olive Stones Resulting from Domestication and Diversification Unveils Traits of the Oldest Known 6500-Years-Old Table Olives from Hishuley Carmel Site (Israel)
description	The first exploited and domesticated olive forms are still unknown. The exceptionally well-preserved stones from the submerged Hishuley Carmel site (Israel), dating from the middle of the 7th millennium BP, offer us the opportunity to study the oldest table olives discovered so far. We apply a geometrical morphometric analysis in reference to a collection of modern stones from supposed wild populations and traditional varieties of various origins, genetic lineages and uses. Analyses carried out on modern material allow the characterization of the extent of stone morphological variation in the olive tree and the differentiation of distinct morphotypes. They also allow to discuss the status of supposed wild populations and the divergence between groups of varieties and their wild progenitors, interpreted from evolutionary and biogeographical perspectives. The shape of archaeological stones compared to the differentiation model unveils morphological traits of olives most likely belonging to both wild olive trees and domesticated forms, with some of them showing a notable domestication syndrome. These forms at the early stages of domestication, some of which are surprisingly morphologically close to modern varieties, were probably used for dual use (production of olive oil and table olives), and possibly contributed to the dispersion of the olive tree throughout the Mediterranean Basin and to its subsequent diversification.
format	article
author	Jean-Frédéric Terral Vincent Bonhomme Clémence Pagnoux Sarah Ivorra Claire Newton Laure Paradis Mohammed Ater Jalal Kassout Bertrand Limier Laurent Bouby Fiona Cornet Oz Barazani Arnon Dag Ehud Galili
author_facet	Jean-Frédéric Terral Vincent Bonhomme Clémence Pagnoux Sarah Ivorra Claire Newton Laure Paradis Mohammed Ater Jalal Kassout Bertrand Limier Laurent Bouby Fiona Cornet Oz Barazani Arnon Dag Ehud Galili
author_sort	Jean-Frédéric Terral
title	The Shape Diversity of Olive Stones Resulting from Domestication and Diversification Unveils Traits of the Oldest Known 6500-Years-Old Table Olives from Hishuley Carmel Site (Israel)
title_short	The Shape Diversity of Olive Stones Resulting from Domestication and Diversification Unveils Traits of the Oldest Known 6500-Years-Old Table Olives from Hishuley Carmel Site (Israel)
title_full	The Shape Diversity of Olive Stones Resulting from Domestication and Diversification Unveils Traits of the Oldest Known 6500-Years-Old Table Olives from Hishuley Carmel Site (Israel)
title_fullStr	The Shape Diversity of Olive Stones Resulting from Domestication and Diversification Unveils Traits of the Oldest Known 6500-Years-Old Table Olives from Hishuley Carmel Site (Israel)
title_full_unstemmed	The Shape Diversity of Olive Stones Resulting from Domestication and Diversification Unveils Traits of the Oldest Known 6500-Years-Old Table Olives from Hishuley Carmel Site (Israel)
title_sort	shape diversity of olive stones resulting from domestication and diversification unveils traits of the oldest known 6500-years-old table olives from hishuley carmel site (israel)
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/7dbfe4b495ec4bf6a6d9c704228821a5
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The Shape Diversity of Olive Stones Resulting from Domestication and Diversification Unveils Traits of the Oldest Known 6500-Years-Old Table Olives from Hishuley Carmel Site (Israel)

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