Immature symbiotic system between horizontally transmitted green algae and brown hydra

Abstract Some strains of brown hydra (Hydra vulgaris) are able to harbor the green algae Chlorococcum in their endodermal epithelial cells as symbionts. However, the relationship between brown hydra and chlorococcum is considered to be incipient symbiosis because most artificially introduced symbion...

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Autores principales:	Ryo Miyokawa, Hiroyuki J. Kanaya, Taichi Q. Itoh, Yoshitaka Kobayakawa, Junko Kusumi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/7ddcf72e36dc4d408b941bfac98691d4
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:7ddcf72e36dc4d408b941bfac98691d42021-12-02T14:06:31ZImmature symbiotic system between horizontally transmitted green algae and brown hydra10.1038/s41598-021-82489-62045-2322https://doaj.org/article/7ddcf72e36dc4d408b941bfac98691d42021-02-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82489-6https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Some strains of brown hydra (Hydra vulgaris) are able to harbor the green algae Chlorococcum in their endodermal epithelial cells as symbionts. However, the relationship between brown hydra and chlorococcum is considered to be incipient symbiosis because most artificially introduced symbionts are not stable and because symbiotic H. vulgaris strains are rare in the wild. In this study, we compared the gene expression levels of the newly established symbiotic hydra (strain 105G), the native symbiotic strain (J7), and their non-symbiotic polyps to determine what changes would occur at the early stage of the evolution of symbiosis. We found that both the 105G and J7 strains showed comparable expression patterns, exhibiting upregulation of lysosomal enzymes and downregulation of genes related to nematocyte development and function. Meanwhile, genes involved in translation and the respiratory chain were upregulated only in strain 105G. Furthermore, treatment with rapamycin, which inhibits translation activity, induced the degeneration of the symbiotic strains (105G and J7). This effect was severe in strain 105G. Our results suggested that evolving the ability to balance the cellular metabolism between the host and the symbiont is a key requirement for adapting to endosymbiosis with chlorococcum.Ryo MiyokawaHiroyuki J. KanayaTaichi Q. ItohYoshitaka KobayakawaJunko KusumiNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Ryo Miyokawa Hiroyuki J. Kanaya Taichi Q. Itoh Yoshitaka Kobayakawa Junko Kusumi Immature symbiotic system between horizontally transmitted green algae and brown hydra
description	Abstract Some strains of brown hydra (Hydra vulgaris) are able to harbor the green algae Chlorococcum in their endodermal epithelial cells as symbionts. However, the relationship between brown hydra and chlorococcum is considered to be incipient symbiosis because most artificially introduced symbionts are not stable and because symbiotic H. vulgaris strains are rare in the wild. In this study, we compared the gene expression levels of the newly established symbiotic hydra (strain 105G), the native symbiotic strain (J7), and their non-symbiotic polyps to determine what changes would occur at the early stage of the evolution of symbiosis. We found that both the 105G and J7 strains showed comparable expression patterns, exhibiting upregulation of lysosomal enzymes and downregulation of genes related to nematocyte development and function. Meanwhile, genes involved in translation and the respiratory chain were upregulated only in strain 105G. Furthermore, treatment with rapamycin, which inhibits translation activity, induced the degeneration of the symbiotic strains (105G and J7). This effect was severe in strain 105G. Our results suggested that evolving the ability to balance the cellular metabolism between the host and the symbiont is a key requirement for adapting to endosymbiosis with chlorococcum.
format	article
author	Ryo Miyokawa Hiroyuki J. Kanaya Taichi Q. Itoh Yoshitaka Kobayakawa Junko Kusumi
author_facet	Ryo Miyokawa Hiroyuki J. Kanaya Taichi Q. Itoh Yoshitaka Kobayakawa Junko Kusumi
author_sort	Ryo Miyokawa
title	Immature symbiotic system between horizontally transmitted green algae and brown hydra
title_short	Immature symbiotic system between horizontally transmitted green algae and brown hydra
title_full	Immature symbiotic system between horizontally transmitted green algae and brown hydra
title_fullStr	Immature symbiotic system between horizontally transmitted green algae and brown hydra
title_full_unstemmed	Immature symbiotic system between horizontally transmitted green algae and brown hydra
title_sort	immature symbiotic system between horizontally transmitted green algae and brown hydra
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/7ddcf72e36dc4d408b941bfac98691d4
work_keys_str_mv	AT ryomiyokawa immaturesymbioticsystembetweenhorizontallytransmittedgreenalgaeandbrownhydra AT hiroyukijkanaya immaturesymbioticsystembetweenhorizontallytransmittedgreenalgaeandbrownhydra AT taichiqitoh immaturesymbioticsystembetweenhorizontallytransmittedgreenalgaeandbrownhydra AT yoshitakakobayakawa immaturesymbioticsystembetweenhorizontallytransmittedgreenalgaeandbrownhydra AT junkokusumi immaturesymbioticsystembetweenhorizontallytransmittedgreenalgaeandbrownhydra
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Immature symbiotic system between horizontally transmitted green algae and brown hydra

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