Is torosaurus triceratops? Geometric morphometric evidence of late maastrichtian ceratopsid dinosaurs.

<h4>Background</h4>Recent assessments of morphological changes in the frill during ontogeny hypothesized that the late Maastrichtian horned dinosaur Torosaurus represents the "old adult" of Triceratops, although acceptance of this finding has been disputed on several lines of e...

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Autores principales:	Leonardo Maiorino, Andrew A Farke, Tassos Kotsakis, Paolo Piras
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2013
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/7e211bedb4ca45c28b29a41e505fcaa3
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:7e211bedb4ca45c28b29a41e505fcaa32021-11-18T08:44:33ZIs torosaurus triceratops? Geometric morphometric evidence of late maastrichtian ceratopsid dinosaurs.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0081608https://doaj.org/article/7e211bedb4ca45c28b29a41e505fcaa32013-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24303058/pdf/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Background</h4>Recent assessments of morphological changes in the frill during ontogeny hypothesized that the late Maastrichtian horned dinosaur Torosaurus represents the "old adult" of Triceratops, although acceptance of this finding has been disputed on several lines of evidence.<h4>Methodology/principal findings</h4>Examining the cranial morphology of 28 skulls in lateral view and 36 squamosals of Nedoceratops hatcheri, Triceratops spp. and Torosaurus spp. by means of landmark-based geometric morphometrics, we compared ontogenetic trajectories among these taxa. Principal Component Analysis and cluster analysis confirmed different cranial morphologies. Torosaurus shape space is well separated from Triceratops, whereas Triceratops horridus and Triceratops prorsus partially overlap within Triceratops shape space. Linear regressions between shape and size suggest different ontogenetic trajectories among these taxa. Results support the "traditional" taxonomic status of Torosaurus. We hypothesize that ontogeny drives cranial morphology with different patterns between Torosaurus and Triceratops.<h4>Conclusions/significance</h4>Torosaurus is a distinct and valid taxon. Whether looking at entire skulls, skulls without the frill, frills alone, or squamosals, Torosaurus has different morphologies and distinct allometric trajectories compared to Triceratops. This new approach confirms the taxonomic status of Torosaurus as well as the comparatively low diversity of ceratopsids at the end of the Maastrichtian in North America.Leonardo MaiorinoAndrew A FarkeTassos KotsakisPaolo PirasPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 8, Iss 11, p e81608 (2013)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Leonardo Maiorino Andrew A Farke Tassos Kotsakis Paolo Piras Is torosaurus triceratops? Geometric morphometric evidence of late maastrichtian ceratopsid dinosaurs.
description	<h4>Background</h4>Recent assessments of morphological changes in the frill during ontogeny hypothesized that the late Maastrichtian horned dinosaur Torosaurus represents the "old adult" of Triceratops, although acceptance of this finding has been disputed on several lines of evidence.<h4>Methodology/principal findings</h4>Examining the cranial morphology of 28 skulls in lateral view and 36 squamosals of Nedoceratops hatcheri, Triceratops spp. and Torosaurus spp. by means of landmark-based geometric morphometrics, we compared ontogenetic trajectories among these taxa. Principal Component Analysis and cluster analysis confirmed different cranial morphologies. Torosaurus shape space is well separated from Triceratops, whereas Triceratops horridus and Triceratops prorsus partially overlap within Triceratops shape space. Linear regressions between shape and size suggest different ontogenetic trajectories among these taxa. Results support the "traditional" taxonomic status of Torosaurus. We hypothesize that ontogeny drives cranial morphology with different patterns between Torosaurus and Triceratops.<h4>Conclusions/significance</h4>Torosaurus is a distinct and valid taxon. Whether looking at entire skulls, skulls without the frill, frills alone, or squamosals, Torosaurus has different morphologies and distinct allometric trajectories compared to Triceratops. This new approach confirms the taxonomic status of Torosaurus as well as the comparatively low diversity of ceratopsids at the end of the Maastrichtian in North America.
format	article
author	Leonardo Maiorino Andrew A Farke Tassos Kotsakis Paolo Piras
author_facet	Leonardo Maiorino Andrew A Farke Tassos Kotsakis Paolo Piras
author_sort	Leonardo Maiorino
title	Is torosaurus triceratops? Geometric morphometric evidence of late maastrichtian ceratopsid dinosaurs.
title_short	Is torosaurus triceratops? Geometric morphometric evidence of late maastrichtian ceratopsid dinosaurs.
title_full	Is torosaurus triceratops? Geometric morphometric evidence of late maastrichtian ceratopsid dinosaurs.
title_fullStr	Is torosaurus triceratops? Geometric morphometric evidence of late maastrichtian ceratopsid dinosaurs.
title_full_unstemmed	Is torosaurus triceratops? Geometric morphometric evidence of late maastrichtian ceratopsid dinosaurs.
title_sort	is torosaurus triceratops? geometric morphometric evidence of late maastrichtian ceratopsid dinosaurs.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2013
url	https://doaj.org/article/7e211bedb4ca45c28b29a41e505fcaa3
work_keys_str_mv	AT leonardomaiorino istorosaurustriceratopsgeometricmorphometricevidenceoflatemaastrichtianceratopsiddinosaurs AT andrewafarke istorosaurustriceratopsgeometricmorphometricevidenceoflatemaastrichtianceratopsiddinosaurs AT tassoskotsakis istorosaurustriceratopsgeometricmorphometricevidenceoflatemaastrichtianceratopsiddinosaurs AT paolopiras istorosaurustriceratopsgeometricmorphometricevidenceoflatemaastrichtianceratopsiddinosaurs
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Is torosaurus triceratops? Geometric morphometric evidence of late maastrichtian ceratopsid dinosaurs.

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