Bacterial Endophyte Community Dynamics in Apple (<i>Malus domestica</i> Borkh.) Germplasm and Their Evaluation for Scab Management Strategies

The large genetic evolution due to the sexual reproduction-mediated gene assortments and propensities has made <i>Venturia inaequalis</i> (causing apple scab) unique with respect to its management strategies. The resistance in apple germplasm against the scab, being controlled for by mor...

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Autores principales:	Shahid A. Padder, Sheikh Mansoor, Sajad A. Bhat, Tawseef Rehman Baba, Rauoof Ahmad Rather, Saima M. Wani, Simona Mariana Popescu, Shakeela Sofi, Malik Asif Aziz, Daniel Ingo Hefft, Othman M. Alzahrani, Ahmed Noureldeen, Hadeer Darwish
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	scab apple endophytes <i>Venturia inaequalis</i> germplasm Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/7e79c42b788d42c28f571c3a2ef4a900
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:7e79c42b788d42c28f571c3a2ef4a9002021-11-25T18:05:47ZBacterial Endophyte Community Dynamics in Apple (<i>Malus domestica</i> Borkh.) Germplasm and Their Evaluation for Scab Management Strategies10.3390/jof71109232309-608Xhttps://doaj.org/article/7e79c42b788d42c28f571c3a2ef4a9002021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/7/11/923https://doaj.org/toc/2309-608XThe large genetic evolution due to the sexual reproduction-mediated gene assortments and propensities has made <i>Venturia inaequalis</i> (causing apple scab) unique with respect to its management strategies. The resistance in apple germplasm against the scab, being controlled for by more than fifteen genes, has limited gene alteration-based investigations. Therefore, a biological approach of bacterial endophyte community dynamics was envisioned across the apple germplasm in context to the fungistatic behavior against <i>V. inaequalis</i>. A total of 155 colonies of bacterial endophytes were isolated from various plant parts of the apple, comprising 19 varieties, and after screening for antifungal behavior followed by morphological, ARDRA, and sequence analysis, a total of 71 isolates were selected for this study. The alpha diversity indices were seen to fluctuate greatly among the isolation samples in context to microflora with antifungal behavior. As all the isolates were screened for the presence of various metabolites and some relevant genes that directly or indirectly influence the fungistatic behavior of the isolated microflora, a huge variation among the isolated microflora was observed. The outstanding isolates showing highest percentage growth inhibition of <i>V. inaequalis</i> were exploited to raise a bio-formulation, which was tested against the scab prevalence in eight apple varieties under controlled growth conditions. The formulation at all the concentrations caused considerable reductions in both the disease severity and disease incidence in all the tested apple varieties. <i>Red Delicious</i> being most important cultivar of the northwestern Himalayas was further investigated for its biochemical behavior in formulation and the investigation revealed different levels of enzyme production, chlorophyll, and sugars against the non-inoculated control.Shahid A. PadderSheikh MansoorSajad A. BhatTawseef Rehman BabaRauoof Ahmad RatherSaima M. WaniSimona Mariana PopescuShakeela SofiMalik Asif AzizDaniel Ingo HefftOthman M. AlzahraniAhmed NoureldeenHadeer DarwishMDPI AGarticlescabappleendophytes<i>Venturia inaequalis</i>germplasmBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENJournal of Fungi, Vol 7, Iss 923, p 923 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	scab apple endophytes <i>Venturia inaequalis</i> germplasm Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	scab apple endophytes <i>Venturia inaequalis</i> germplasm Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Shahid A. Padder Sheikh Mansoor Sajad A. Bhat Tawseef Rehman Baba Rauoof Ahmad Rather Saima M. Wani Simona Mariana Popescu Shakeela Sofi Malik Asif Aziz Daniel Ingo Hefft Othman M. Alzahrani Ahmed Noureldeen Hadeer Darwish Bacterial Endophyte Community Dynamics in Apple (<i>Malus domestica</i> Borkh.) Germplasm and Their Evaluation for Scab Management Strategies
description	The large genetic evolution due to the sexual reproduction-mediated gene assortments and propensities has made <i>Venturia inaequalis</i> (causing apple scab) unique with respect to its management strategies. The resistance in apple germplasm against the scab, being controlled for by more than fifteen genes, has limited gene alteration-based investigations. Therefore, a biological approach of bacterial endophyte community dynamics was envisioned across the apple germplasm in context to the fungistatic behavior against <i>V. inaequalis</i>. A total of 155 colonies of bacterial endophytes were isolated from various plant parts of the apple, comprising 19 varieties, and after screening for antifungal behavior followed by morphological, ARDRA, and sequence analysis, a total of 71 isolates were selected for this study. The alpha diversity indices were seen to fluctuate greatly among the isolation samples in context to microflora with antifungal behavior. As all the isolates were screened for the presence of various metabolites and some relevant genes that directly or indirectly influence the fungistatic behavior of the isolated microflora, a huge variation among the isolated microflora was observed. The outstanding isolates showing highest percentage growth inhibition of <i>V. inaequalis</i> were exploited to raise a bio-formulation, which was tested against the scab prevalence in eight apple varieties under controlled growth conditions. The formulation at all the concentrations caused considerable reductions in both the disease severity and disease incidence in all the tested apple varieties. <i>Red Delicious</i> being most important cultivar of the northwestern Himalayas was further investigated for its biochemical behavior in formulation and the investigation revealed different levels of enzyme production, chlorophyll, and sugars against the non-inoculated control.
format	article
author	Shahid A. Padder Sheikh Mansoor Sajad A. Bhat Tawseef Rehman Baba Rauoof Ahmad Rather Saima M. Wani Simona Mariana Popescu Shakeela Sofi Malik Asif Aziz Daniel Ingo Hefft Othman M. Alzahrani Ahmed Noureldeen Hadeer Darwish
author_facet	Shahid A. Padder Sheikh Mansoor Sajad A. Bhat Tawseef Rehman Baba Rauoof Ahmad Rather Saima M. Wani Simona Mariana Popescu Shakeela Sofi Malik Asif Aziz Daniel Ingo Hefft Othman M. Alzahrani Ahmed Noureldeen Hadeer Darwish
author_sort	Shahid A. Padder
title	Bacterial Endophyte Community Dynamics in Apple (<i>Malus domestica</i> Borkh.) Germplasm and Their Evaluation for Scab Management Strategies
title_short	Bacterial Endophyte Community Dynamics in Apple (<i>Malus domestica</i> Borkh.) Germplasm and Their Evaluation for Scab Management Strategies
title_full	Bacterial Endophyte Community Dynamics in Apple (<i>Malus domestica</i> Borkh.) Germplasm and Their Evaluation for Scab Management Strategies
title_fullStr	Bacterial Endophyte Community Dynamics in Apple (<i>Malus domestica</i> Borkh.) Germplasm and Their Evaluation for Scab Management Strategies
title_full_unstemmed	Bacterial Endophyte Community Dynamics in Apple (<i>Malus domestica</i> Borkh.) Germplasm and Their Evaluation for Scab Management Strategies
title_sort	bacterial endophyte community dynamics in apple (<i>malus domestica</i> borkh.) germplasm and their evaluation for scab management strategies
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/7e79c42b788d42c28f571c3a2ef4a900
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Bacterial Endophyte Community Dynamics in Apple (<i>Malus domestica</i> Borkh.) Germplasm and Their Evaluation for Scab Management Strategies

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