A non-verbal Turing test: differentiating mind from machine in gaze-based social interaction.

In social interaction, gaze behavior provides important signals that have a significant impact on our perception of others. Previous investigations, however, have relied on paradigms in which participants are passive observers of other persons' gazes and do not adjust their gaze behavior as is...

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Autores principales:	Ulrich J Pfeiffer, Bert Timmermans, Gary Bente, Kai Vogeley, Leonhard Schilbach
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2011
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/7ea890b993024a9b8ae0d7a34a7b38ab
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:7ea890b993024a9b8ae0d7a34a7b38ab2021-11-18T07:34:36ZA non-verbal Turing test: differentiating mind from machine in gaze-based social interaction.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0027591https://doaj.org/article/7ea890b993024a9b8ae0d7a34a7b38ab2011-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/22096599/pdf/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203In social interaction, gaze behavior provides important signals that have a significant impact on our perception of others. Previous investigations, however, have relied on paradigms in which participants are passive observers of other persons' gazes and do not adjust their gaze behavior as is the case in real-life social encounters. We used an interactive eye-tracking paradigm that allows participants to interact with an anthropomorphic virtual character whose gaze behavior is responsive to where the participant looks on the stimulus screen in real time. The character's gaze reactions were systematically varied along a continuum from a maximal probability of gaze aversion to a maximal probability of gaze-following during brief interactions, thereby varying contingency and congruency of the reactions. We investigated how these variations influenced whether participants believed that the character was controlled by another person (i.e., a confederate) or a computer program. In a series of experiments, the human confederate was either introduced as naïve to the task, cooperative, or competitive. Results demonstrate that the ascription of humanness increases with higher congruency of gaze reactions when participants are interacting with a naïve partner. In contrast, humanness ascription is driven by the degree of contingency irrespective of congruency when the confederate was introduced as cooperative. Conversely, during interaction with a competitive confederate, judgments were neither based on congruency nor on contingency. These results offer important insights into what renders the experience of an interaction truly social: Humans appear to have a default expectation of reciprocation that can be influenced drastically by the presumed disposition of the interactor to either cooperate or compete.Ulrich J PfeifferBert TimmermansGary BenteKai VogeleyLeonhard SchilbachPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 6, Iss 11, p e27591 (2011)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Ulrich J Pfeiffer Bert Timmermans Gary Bente Kai Vogeley Leonhard Schilbach A non-verbal Turing test: differentiating mind from machine in gaze-based social interaction.
description	In social interaction, gaze behavior provides important signals that have a significant impact on our perception of others. Previous investigations, however, have relied on paradigms in which participants are passive observers of other persons' gazes and do not adjust their gaze behavior as is the case in real-life social encounters. We used an interactive eye-tracking paradigm that allows participants to interact with an anthropomorphic virtual character whose gaze behavior is responsive to where the participant looks on the stimulus screen in real time. The character's gaze reactions were systematically varied along a continuum from a maximal probability of gaze aversion to a maximal probability of gaze-following during brief interactions, thereby varying contingency and congruency of the reactions. We investigated how these variations influenced whether participants believed that the character was controlled by another person (i.e., a confederate) or a computer program. In a series of experiments, the human confederate was either introduced as naïve to the task, cooperative, or competitive. Results demonstrate that the ascription of humanness increases with higher congruency of gaze reactions when participants are interacting with a naïve partner. In contrast, humanness ascription is driven by the degree of contingency irrespective of congruency when the confederate was introduced as cooperative. Conversely, during interaction with a competitive confederate, judgments were neither based on congruency nor on contingency. These results offer important insights into what renders the experience of an interaction truly social: Humans appear to have a default expectation of reciprocation that can be influenced drastically by the presumed disposition of the interactor to either cooperate or compete.
format	article
author	Ulrich J Pfeiffer Bert Timmermans Gary Bente Kai Vogeley Leonhard Schilbach
author_facet	Ulrich J Pfeiffer Bert Timmermans Gary Bente Kai Vogeley Leonhard Schilbach
author_sort	Ulrich J Pfeiffer
title	A non-verbal Turing test: differentiating mind from machine in gaze-based social interaction.
title_short	A non-verbal Turing test: differentiating mind from machine in gaze-based social interaction.
title_full	A non-verbal Turing test: differentiating mind from machine in gaze-based social interaction.
title_fullStr	A non-verbal Turing test: differentiating mind from machine in gaze-based social interaction.
title_full_unstemmed	A non-verbal Turing test: differentiating mind from machine in gaze-based social interaction.
title_sort	non-verbal turing test: differentiating mind from machine in gaze-based social interaction.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2011
url	https://doaj.org/article/7ea890b993024a9b8ae0d7a34a7b38ab
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A non-verbal Turing test: differentiating mind from machine in gaze-based social interaction.

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