Increasing the midsole bending stiffness of shoes alters gastrocnemius medialis muscle function during running

Abstract In recent years, increasing the midsole bending stiffness (MBS) of running shoes by embedding carbon fibre plates in the midsole resulted in many world records set during long-distance running competitions. Although several theories were introduced to unravel the mechanisms behind these per...

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Autores principales:	Sasa Cigoja, Jared R. Fletcher, Michael Esposito, Darren J. Stefanyshyn, Benno M. Nigg
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/7eae6cd354de4638a15bd5bcb58cae70
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:7eae6cd354de4638a15bd5bcb58cae702021-12-02T15:23:04ZIncreasing the midsole bending stiffness of shoes alters gastrocnemius medialis muscle function during running10.1038/s41598-020-80791-32045-2322https://doaj.org/article/7eae6cd354de4638a15bd5bcb58cae702021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80791-3https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract In recent years, increasing the midsole bending stiffness (MBS) of running shoes by embedding carbon fibre plates in the midsole resulted in many world records set during long-distance running competitions. Although several theories were introduced to unravel the mechanisms behind these performance benefits, no definitive explanation was provided so far. This study aimed to investigate how the function of the gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscle and Achilles tendon is altered when running in shoes with increased MBS. Here, we provide the first direct evidence that the amount and velocity of GM muscle fascicle shortening is reduced when running with increased MBS. Compared to control, running in the stiffest condition at 90% of speed at lactate threshold resulted in less muscle fascicle shortening (p = 0.006, d = 0.87), slower average shortening velocity (p = 0.002, d = 0.93) and greater estimated Achilles tendon energy return (p ≤ 0.001, d = 0.96), without a significant change in GM fascicle work (p = 0.335, d = 0.40) or GM energy cost (p = 0.569, d = 0.30). The findings of this study suggest that running in stiff shoes allows the ankle plantarflexor muscle–tendon unit to continue to operate on a more favourable position of the muscle’s force–length–velocity relationship by lowering muscle shortening velocity and increasing tendon energy return.Sasa CigojaJared R. FletcherMichael EspositoDarren J. StefanyshynBenno M. NiggNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-11 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Sasa Cigoja Jared R. Fletcher Michael Esposito Darren J. Stefanyshyn Benno M. Nigg Increasing the midsole bending stiffness of shoes alters gastrocnemius medialis muscle function during running
description	Abstract In recent years, increasing the midsole bending stiffness (MBS) of running shoes by embedding carbon fibre plates in the midsole resulted in many world records set during long-distance running competitions. Although several theories were introduced to unravel the mechanisms behind these performance benefits, no definitive explanation was provided so far. This study aimed to investigate how the function of the gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscle and Achilles tendon is altered when running in shoes with increased MBS. Here, we provide the first direct evidence that the amount and velocity of GM muscle fascicle shortening is reduced when running with increased MBS. Compared to control, running in the stiffest condition at 90% of speed at lactate threshold resulted in less muscle fascicle shortening (p = 0.006, d = 0.87), slower average shortening velocity (p = 0.002, d = 0.93) and greater estimated Achilles tendon energy return (p ≤ 0.001, d = 0.96), without a significant change in GM fascicle work (p = 0.335, d = 0.40) or GM energy cost (p = 0.569, d = 0.30). The findings of this study suggest that running in stiff shoes allows the ankle plantarflexor muscle–tendon unit to continue to operate on a more favourable position of the muscle’s force–length–velocity relationship by lowering muscle shortening velocity and increasing tendon energy return.
format	article
author	Sasa Cigoja Jared R. Fletcher Michael Esposito Darren J. Stefanyshyn Benno M. Nigg
author_facet	Sasa Cigoja Jared R. Fletcher Michael Esposito Darren J. Stefanyshyn Benno M. Nigg
author_sort	Sasa Cigoja
title	Increasing the midsole bending stiffness of shoes alters gastrocnemius medialis muscle function during running
title_short	Increasing the midsole bending stiffness of shoes alters gastrocnemius medialis muscle function during running
title_full	Increasing the midsole bending stiffness of shoes alters gastrocnemius medialis muscle function during running
title_fullStr	Increasing the midsole bending stiffness of shoes alters gastrocnemius medialis muscle function during running
title_full_unstemmed	Increasing the midsole bending stiffness of shoes alters gastrocnemius medialis muscle function during running
title_sort	increasing the midsole bending stiffness of shoes alters gastrocnemius medialis muscle function during running
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/7eae6cd354de4638a15bd5bcb58cae70
work_keys_str_mv	AT sasacigoja increasingthemidsolebendingstiffnessofshoesaltersgastrocnemiusmedialismusclefunctionduringrunning AT jaredrfletcher increasingthemidsolebendingstiffnessofshoesaltersgastrocnemiusmedialismusclefunctionduringrunning AT michaelesposito increasingthemidsolebendingstiffnessofshoesaltersgastrocnemiusmedialismusclefunctionduringrunning AT darrenjstefanyshyn increasingthemidsolebendingstiffnessofshoesaltersgastrocnemiusmedialismusclefunctionduringrunning AT bennomnigg increasingthemidsolebendingstiffnessofshoesaltersgastrocnemiusmedialismusclefunctionduringrunning
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Increasing the midsole bending stiffness of shoes alters gastrocnemius medialis muscle function during running

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