Contribution of cropland to the spread of Shiga toxin phages and the emergence of new Shiga toxin-producing strains

Abstract A growing interest in healthy eating has lead to an increase in the consumption of vegetables, associated with a rising number of bacterial outbreaks related to fresh produce. This is the case of the outbreak in Germany, caused by a O104:H4 enteroaggregative E. coli strain lysogenic for a S...

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Autores principales:	Pablo Quirós, Maite Muniesa
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2017
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/7ec21f151f0340c8b069491d89619c7c
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:7ec21f151f0340c8b069491d89619c7c2021-12-02T16:07:44ZContribution of cropland to the spread of Shiga toxin phages and the emergence of new Shiga toxin-producing strains10.1038/s41598-017-08169-62045-2322https://doaj.org/article/7ec21f151f0340c8b069491d89619c7c2017-08-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08169-6https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract A growing interest in healthy eating has lead to an increase in the consumption of vegetables, associated with a rising number of bacterial outbreaks related to fresh produce. This is the case of the outbreak in Germany, caused by a O104:H4 enteroaggregative E. coli strain lysogenic for a Stx phage. Temperate Stx phages released from their hosts occur as free particles in various environments. This study reports the occurrence of Stx phages in vegetables (lettuce, cucumber, and spinach) and cropland soil samples. Infectious Stx2 phages were found in all samples and many carried also Stx1 phages. Their persistence in vegetables, including germinated sprouts, of Stx phage 933 W and an E. coli C600 (933 W∆stx::gfp-cat) lysogen used as surrogate, showed reductions below 2 log10 units of both microorganisms at 23 °C and 4 °C over 10 days. Higher reductions (up to 3.9 log10) units were observed in cropland soils at both temperatures. Transduction of a recombinant 933 W∆stx::kan phage was observed in all matrices. Protecting against microbial contamination of vegetables is imperative to ensure a safe food chain. Since the emergence of new Stx strains by Stx phage transduction is possible in vegetable matrices, methods aimed at reducing microbial risks in vegetables should not neglect phages.Pablo QuirósMaite MuniesaNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 7, Iss 1, Pp 1-11 (2017)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Pablo Quirós Maite Muniesa Contribution of cropland to the spread of Shiga toxin phages and the emergence of new Shiga toxin-producing strains
description	Abstract A growing interest in healthy eating has lead to an increase in the consumption of vegetables, associated with a rising number of bacterial outbreaks related to fresh produce. This is the case of the outbreak in Germany, caused by a O104:H4 enteroaggregative E. coli strain lysogenic for a Stx phage. Temperate Stx phages released from their hosts occur as free particles in various environments. This study reports the occurrence of Stx phages in vegetables (lettuce, cucumber, and spinach) and cropland soil samples. Infectious Stx2 phages were found in all samples and many carried also Stx1 phages. Their persistence in vegetables, including germinated sprouts, of Stx phage 933 W and an E. coli C600 (933 W∆stx::gfp-cat) lysogen used as surrogate, showed reductions below 2 log10 units of both microorganisms at 23 °C and 4 °C over 10 days. Higher reductions (up to 3.9 log10) units were observed in cropland soils at both temperatures. Transduction of a recombinant 933 W∆stx::kan phage was observed in all matrices. Protecting against microbial contamination of vegetables is imperative to ensure a safe food chain. Since the emergence of new Stx strains by Stx phage transduction is possible in vegetable matrices, methods aimed at reducing microbial risks in vegetables should not neglect phages.
format	article
author	Pablo Quirós Maite Muniesa
author_facet	Pablo Quirós Maite Muniesa
author_sort	Pablo Quirós
title	Contribution of cropland to the spread of Shiga toxin phages and the emergence of new Shiga toxin-producing strains
title_short	Contribution of cropland to the spread of Shiga toxin phages and the emergence of new Shiga toxin-producing strains
title_full	Contribution of cropland to the spread of Shiga toxin phages and the emergence of new Shiga toxin-producing strains
title_fullStr	Contribution of cropland to the spread of Shiga toxin phages and the emergence of new Shiga toxin-producing strains
title_full_unstemmed	Contribution of cropland to the spread of Shiga toxin phages and the emergence of new Shiga toxin-producing strains
title_sort	contribution of cropland to the spread of shiga toxin phages and the emergence of new shiga toxin-producing strains
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2017
url	https://doaj.org/article/7ec21f151f0340c8b069491d89619c7c
work_keys_str_mv	AT pabloquiros contributionofcroplandtothespreadofshigatoxinphagesandtheemergenceofnewshigatoxinproducingstrains AT maitemuniesa contributionofcroplandtothespreadofshigatoxinphagesandtheemergenceofnewshigatoxinproducingstrains
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Contribution of cropland to the spread of Shiga toxin phages and the emergence of new Shiga toxin-producing strains

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