Correlation of Respiratory Aerosols and Metabolic Carbon Dioxide
Respiratory aerosols from breathing and talking are an important transmission route for viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Previous studies have found that particles with diameters ranging from 10 nm to 145 μm are produced from different regions in the r...
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2021
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oai:doaj.org-article:7ec83808fd5444c69ff7a03bea0cdfb42021-11-11T19:47:45ZCorrelation of Respiratory Aerosols and Metabolic Carbon Dioxide10.3390/su1321122032071-1050https://doaj.org/article/7ec83808fd5444c69ff7a03bea0cdfb42021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/21/12203https://doaj.org/toc/2071-1050Respiratory aerosols from breathing and talking are an important transmission route for viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Previous studies have found that particles with diameters ranging from 10 nm to 145 μm are produced from different regions in the respiratory system and especially smaller particles can remain airborne for long periods while carrying viral RNA. We present the first study in which respiratory aerosols have been simultaneously measured with carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) to establish the correlation between the two concentrations. CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations are easily available through low-cost sensors and could be used to estimate viral exposure through this correlation, whereas source-specific aerosol measurements are complicated and not possible with low-cost sensors. The increase in both respiratory aerosols and CO<sub>2</sub> was linear over ten minutes in a 2 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> chamber for all participants, suggesting a strong correlation. On average, talking released more particles than breathing, with 14,600 ± 16,800 min<sup>−1</sup> (one-<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>σ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> standard deviation) and 6210 ± 5630 min<sup>−1</sup> on average, respectively, while CO<sub>2</sub> increased with 139 ± 33 ppm min<sup>−1</sup> during talking and 143 ± 29 ppm min<sup>−1</sup> during breathing. Assuming a typical viral load of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>7</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>6</mn></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> RNA copies per mL of oral fluid, ten minutes of talking and breathing are estimated to produce 1 and 16 suspended RNA copies, respectively, correlating to a CO<sub>2</sub> concentration of around 1800 ppm in a 2 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> chamber. However, viral loads can vary by several orders of magnitude depending on the stage of the disease and the individual. It was therefore concluded that, by measuring CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations, only the number and volume concentrations of released particles can be estimated with reasonable certainty, while the number of suspended RNA copies cannot.Niklas KappeltHugo Savill RussellSzymon KwiatkowskiAlireza AfshariMatthew Stanley JohnsonMDPI AGarticlerespiratory aerosolscarbon dioxideairborne transmissionindoor air qualityCOVID-19Environmental effects of industries and plantsTD194-195Renewable energy sourcesTJ807-830Environmental sciencesGE1-350ENSustainability, Vol 13, Iss 12203, p 12203 (2021) |
| institution |
DOAJ |
| collection |
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| language |
EN |
| topic |
respiratory aerosols carbon dioxide airborne transmission indoor air quality COVID-19 Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350 |
| spellingShingle |
respiratory aerosols carbon dioxide airborne transmission indoor air quality COVID-19 Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350 Niklas Kappelt Hugo Savill Russell Szymon Kwiatkowski Alireza Afshari Matthew Stanley Johnson Correlation of Respiratory Aerosols and Metabolic Carbon Dioxide |
| description |
Respiratory aerosols from breathing and talking are an important transmission route for viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Previous studies have found that particles with diameters ranging from 10 nm to 145 μm are produced from different regions in the respiratory system and especially smaller particles can remain airborne for long periods while carrying viral RNA. We present the first study in which respiratory aerosols have been simultaneously measured with carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) to establish the correlation between the two concentrations. CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations are easily available through low-cost sensors and could be used to estimate viral exposure through this correlation, whereas source-specific aerosol measurements are complicated and not possible with low-cost sensors. The increase in both respiratory aerosols and CO<sub>2</sub> was linear over ten minutes in a 2 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> chamber for all participants, suggesting a strong correlation. On average, talking released more particles than breathing, with 14,600 ± 16,800 min<sup>−1</sup> (one-<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>σ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> standard deviation) and 6210 ± 5630 min<sup>−1</sup> on average, respectively, while CO<sub>2</sub> increased with 139 ± 33 ppm min<sup>−1</sup> during talking and 143 ± 29 ppm min<sup>−1</sup> during breathing. Assuming a typical viral load of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>7</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>6</mn></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> RNA copies per mL of oral fluid, ten minutes of talking and breathing are estimated to produce 1 and 16 suspended RNA copies, respectively, correlating to a CO<sub>2</sub> concentration of around 1800 ppm in a 2 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> chamber. However, viral loads can vary by several orders of magnitude depending on the stage of the disease and the individual. It was therefore concluded that, by measuring CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations, only the number and volume concentrations of released particles can be estimated with reasonable certainty, while the number of suspended RNA copies cannot. |
| format |
article |
| author |
Niklas Kappelt Hugo Savill Russell Szymon Kwiatkowski Alireza Afshari Matthew Stanley Johnson |
| author_facet |
Niklas Kappelt Hugo Savill Russell Szymon Kwiatkowski Alireza Afshari Matthew Stanley Johnson |
| author_sort |
Niklas Kappelt |
| title |
Correlation of Respiratory Aerosols and Metabolic Carbon Dioxide |
| title_short |
Correlation of Respiratory Aerosols and Metabolic Carbon Dioxide |
| title_full |
Correlation of Respiratory Aerosols and Metabolic Carbon Dioxide |
| title_fullStr |
Correlation of Respiratory Aerosols and Metabolic Carbon Dioxide |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Correlation of Respiratory Aerosols and Metabolic Carbon Dioxide |
| title_sort |
correlation of respiratory aerosols and metabolic carbon dioxide |
| publisher |
MDPI AG |
| publishDate |
2021 |
| url |
https://doaj.org/article/7ec83808fd5444c69ff7a03bea0cdfb4 |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT niklaskappelt correlationofrespiratoryaerosolsandmetaboliccarbondioxide AT hugosavillrussell correlationofrespiratoryaerosolsandmetaboliccarbondioxide AT szymonkwiatkowski correlationofrespiratoryaerosolsandmetaboliccarbondioxide AT alirezaafshari correlationofrespiratoryaerosolsandmetaboliccarbondioxide AT matthewstanleyjohnson correlationofrespiratoryaerosolsandmetaboliccarbondioxide |
| _version_ |
1718431417647497216 |