Evolution of C, D and S-type cystatins in mammals: an extensive gene duplication in primates.

Cystatins are a family of inhibitors of cysteine peptidases that comprises the salivary cystatins (D and S-type cystatins) and cystatin C. These cystatins are encoded by a multigene family (CST3, CST5, CST4, CST1 and CST2) organized in tandem in the human genome. Their presence and functional import...

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Autores principales:	Patrícia de Sousa-Pereira, Joana Abrantes, Ana Pinheiro, Bruno Colaço, Rui Vitorino, Pedro J Esteves
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2014
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/7f148b2de00e481c8187ac43d2134180
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:7f148b2de00e481c8187ac43d21341802021-11-25T05:56:08ZEvolution of C, D and S-type cystatins in mammals: an extensive gene duplication in primates.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0109050https://doaj.org/article/7f148b2de00e481c8187ac43d21341802014-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109050https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Cystatins are a family of inhibitors of cysteine peptidases that comprises the salivary cystatins (D and S-type cystatins) and cystatin C. These cystatins are encoded by a multigene family (CST3, CST5, CST4, CST1 and CST2) organized in tandem in the human genome. Their presence and functional importance in human saliva has been reported, however the distribution of these proteins in other mammals is still unclear. Here, we performed a proteomic analysis of the saliva of several mammals and studied the evolution of this multigene family. The proteomic analysis detected S-type cystatins (S, SA, and SN) in human saliva and cystatin D in rat saliva. The evolutionary analysis showed that the cystatin C encoding gene is present in species of the most representative mammalian groups, i.e. Artiodactyla, Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Carnivora and Primates. On the other hand, D and S-type cystatins are mainly retrieved from Primates, and especially the evolution of S-type cystatins seems to be a dynamic process as seen in Pongo abelii genome where several copies of CST1-like gene (cystatin SN) were found. In Rodents, a group of cystatins previously identified as D and S has also evolved. Despite the high divergence of the amino acid sequence, their position in the phylogenetic tree and their genome organization suggests a common origin with those of the Primates. These results suggest that the D and S type cystatins have emerged before the mammalian radiation and were retained only in Primates and Rodents. Although the mechanisms driving the evolution of cystatins are unknown, it seems to be a dynamic process with several gene duplications evolving according to the birth-and-death model of evolution. The factors that led to the appearance of a group of saliva-specific cystatins in Primates and its rapid evolution remain undetermined, but may be associated with an adaptive advantage.Patrícia de Sousa-PereiraJoana AbrantesAna PinheiroBruno ColaçoRui VitorinoPedro J EstevesPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 9, Iss 10, p e109050 (2014)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Patrícia de Sousa-Pereira Joana Abrantes Ana Pinheiro Bruno Colaço Rui Vitorino Pedro J Esteves Evolution of C, D and S-type cystatins in mammals: an extensive gene duplication in primates.
description	Cystatins are a family of inhibitors of cysteine peptidases that comprises the salivary cystatins (D and S-type cystatins) and cystatin C. These cystatins are encoded by a multigene family (CST3, CST5, CST4, CST1 and CST2) organized in tandem in the human genome. Their presence and functional importance in human saliva has been reported, however the distribution of these proteins in other mammals is still unclear. Here, we performed a proteomic analysis of the saliva of several mammals and studied the evolution of this multigene family. The proteomic analysis detected S-type cystatins (S, SA, and SN) in human saliva and cystatin D in rat saliva. The evolutionary analysis showed that the cystatin C encoding gene is present in species of the most representative mammalian groups, i.e. Artiodactyla, Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Carnivora and Primates. On the other hand, D and S-type cystatins are mainly retrieved from Primates, and especially the evolution of S-type cystatins seems to be a dynamic process as seen in Pongo abelii genome where several copies of CST1-like gene (cystatin SN) were found. In Rodents, a group of cystatins previously identified as D and S has also evolved. Despite the high divergence of the amino acid sequence, their position in the phylogenetic tree and their genome organization suggests a common origin with those of the Primates. These results suggest that the D and S type cystatins have emerged before the mammalian radiation and were retained only in Primates and Rodents. Although the mechanisms driving the evolution of cystatins are unknown, it seems to be a dynamic process with several gene duplications evolving according to the birth-and-death model of evolution. The factors that led to the appearance of a group of saliva-specific cystatins in Primates and its rapid evolution remain undetermined, but may be associated with an adaptive advantage.
format	article
author	Patrícia de Sousa-Pereira Joana Abrantes Ana Pinheiro Bruno Colaço Rui Vitorino Pedro J Esteves
author_facet	Patrícia de Sousa-Pereira Joana Abrantes Ana Pinheiro Bruno Colaço Rui Vitorino Pedro J Esteves
author_sort	Patrícia de Sousa-Pereira
title	Evolution of C, D and S-type cystatins in mammals: an extensive gene duplication in primates.
title_short	Evolution of C, D and S-type cystatins in mammals: an extensive gene duplication in primates.
title_full	Evolution of C, D and S-type cystatins in mammals: an extensive gene duplication in primates.
title_fullStr	Evolution of C, D and S-type cystatins in mammals: an extensive gene duplication in primates.
title_full_unstemmed	Evolution of C, D and S-type cystatins in mammals: an extensive gene duplication in primates.
title_sort	evolution of c, d and s-type cystatins in mammals: an extensive gene duplication in primates.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2014
url	https://doaj.org/article/7f148b2de00e481c8187ac43d2134180
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Evolution of C, D and S-type cystatins in mammals: an extensive gene duplication in primates.

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