Studies of Penicillium species associated with blue mold disease of grapes and management through plant essential oils as non-hazardous botanical fungicides

Blue mold caused by Penicillium species is a major fungal disease threatening the viticulture industry in Pakistan, responsible for deteriorating the quality of grapes during handling, transportation, and distribution. Identification-based approaches of Penicillium species provide a better strategy...

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Autores principales:	Ghuffar Salman, Irshad Gulshan, Naz Farah, Khan Muhammad Azam
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	De Gruyter 2021
Materias:	blue mold disease essential oils green botanical fungicide thymus vulgaris vitis vinifera l. Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/7f52cc296b8c49c6ad99f3852d5c75b8
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:7f52cc296b8c49c6ad99f3852d5c75b82021-12-05T14:10:49ZStudies of Penicillium species associated with blue mold disease of grapes and management through plant essential oils as non-hazardous botanical fungicides2191-955010.1515/gps-2021-0007https://doaj.org/article/7f52cc296b8c49c6ad99f3852d5c75b82021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2021-0007https://doaj.org/toc/2191-9550Blue mold caused by Penicillium species is a major fungal disease threatening the viticulture industry in Pakistan, responsible for deteriorating the quality of grapes during handling, transportation, and distribution. Identification-based approaches of Penicillium species provide a better strategy on accurate diagnosis and effective management. In this study, 13 isolates were recovered from symptomatic grape bunches at five main fruit markets of Rawalpindi district, Punjab province. Based on morphological data and multi-loci phylogenetic analysis, the isolates were identified as two distinct species viz. Penicillium expansum (eight isolates) and Penicillium crustosum (five isolates). Meanwhile, the pathogenicity test of Penicillium isolates presented by the inoculation of grape bunches showed various degrees of severity. For improving the fruit quality and eliminating the needs of synthetic fungicides, botanicals such as thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.), garlic (Allium sativum L.), ginger (Zingiber officinale L.), and carum (Carum capticum L.) essential oils (EOs) at concentrations of 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 mg/mL were evaluated. In vitro studies indicated that thyme EO showed a highly significant reduction of fungal growth. Furthermore, the experiments related to reducing the decay development and average weight loss percentage of grapes revealed similar findings. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that thyme EO can be used as an eco-friendly botanical fungicide against Penicillium spp. causing blue mold disease.Ghuffar SalmanIrshad GulshanNaz FarahKhan Muhammad AzamDe Gruyterarticleblue mold diseaseessential oilsgreen botanical fungicidethymus vulgarisvitis vinifera l.ChemistryQD1-999ENGreen Processing and Synthesis, Vol 10, Iss 1, Pp 021-036 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	blue mold disease essential oils green botanical fungicide thymus vulgaris vitis vinifera l. Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	blue mold disease essential oils green botanical fungicide thymus vulgaris vitis vinifera l. Chemistry QD1-999 Ghuffar Salman Irshad Gulshan Naz Farah Khan Muhammad Azam Studies of Penicillium species associated with blue mold disease of grapes and management through plant essential oils as non-hazardous botanical fungicides
description	Blue mold caused by Penicillium species is a major fungal disease threatening the viticulture industry in Pakistan, responsible for deteriorating the quality of grapes during handling, transportation, and distribution. Identification-based approaches of Penicillium species provide a better strategy on accurate diagnosis and effective management. In this study, 13 isolates were recovered from symptomatic grape bunches at five main fruit markets of Rawalpindi district, Punjab province. Based on morphological data and multi-loci phylogenetic analysis, the isolates were identified as two distinct species viz. Penicillium expansum (eight isolates) and Penicillium crustosum (five isolates). Meanwhile, the pathogenicity test of Penicillium isolates presented by the inoculation of grape bunches showed various degrees of severity. For improving the fruit quality and eliminating the needs of synthetic fungicides, botanicals such as thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.), garlic (Allium sativum L.), ginger (Zingiber officinale L.), and carum (Carum capticum L.) essential oils (EOs) at concentrations of 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 mg/mL were evaluated. In vitro studies indicated that thyme EO showed a highly significant reduction of fungal growth. Furthermore, the experiments related to reducing the decay development and average weight loss percentage of grapes revealed similar findings. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that thyme EO can be used as an eco-friendly botanical fungicide against Penicillium spp. causing blue mold disease.
format	article
author	Ghuffar Salman Irshad Gulshan Naz Farah Khan Muhammad Azam
author_facet	Ghuffar Salman Irshad Gulshan Naz Farah Khan Muhammad Azam
author_sort	Ghuffar Salman
title	Studies of Penicillium species associated with blue mold disease of grapes and management through plant essential oils as non-hazardous botanical fungicides
title_short	Studies of Penicillium species associated with blue mold disease of grapes and management through plant essential oils as non-hazardous botanical fungicides
title_full	Studies of Penicillium species associated with blue mold disease of grapes and management through plant essential oils as non-hazardous botanical fungicides
title_fullStr	Studies of Penicillium species associated with blue mold disease of grapes and management through plant essential oils as non-hazardous botanical fungicides
title_full_unstemmed	Studies of Penicillium species associated with blue mold disease of grapes and management through plant essential oils as non-hazardous botanical fungicides
title_sort	studies of penicillium species associated with blue mold disease of grapes and management through plant essential oils as non-hazardous botanical fungicides
publisher	De Gruyter
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/7f52cc296b8c49c6ad99f3852d5c75b8
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Studies of Penicillium species associated with blue mold disease of grapes and management through plant essential oils as non-hazardous botanical fungicides

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