Evaluation of availability, price, and affordability of cardiovascular, diabetes, and global medicines in Abuja, Nigeria.

<h4>Objective</h4>To assess the availability, price, and affordability of cardiovascular, diabetes, and global medicines in Abuja, Nigeria.<h4>Methods</h4>A cross-sectional survey involving 27 private pharmacies, 13 public pharmacies, and 25 private hospital pharmacies in Abu...

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Autores principales:	Nkeiruka Grace Osuafor, Chinwe Victoria Ukwe, Mathew Okonta
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/7f6076a3b6ed49e293756bea6ddb2124
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:7f6076a3b6ed49e293756bea6ddb21242021-12-02T20:18:18ZEvaluation of availability, price, and affordability of cardiovascular, diabetes, and global medicines in Abuja, Nigeria.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0255567https://doaj.org/article/7f6076a3b6ed49e293756bea6ddb21242021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255567https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Objective</h4>To assess the availability, price, and affordability of cardiovascular, diabetes, and global medicines in Abuja, Nigeria.<h4>Methods</h4>A cross-sectional survey involving 27 private pharmacies, 13 public pharmacies, and 25 private hospital pharmacies in Abuja was conducted using the standardized World Health Organization/Health Action International methodology. The availability percentage for each pharmacy sector and each medicine was analyzed. The median price ratio (MPR) (ratio of the median price to the international reference prices) of the medicines were evaluated accordingly. Affordability was assessed by calculating the number of days' wages the lowest-paid unskilled government worker required to purchase a month worth of the standard treatment for a chronic condition.<h4>Results</h4>The availability of cardiovascular (CV) medicines ranged from 28.4% (in private hospital pharmacies) to 59.9% (in private pharmacies). There was mixed variability in the mean availability of Originator Brands (OBs) and Lowest Priced Generics (LPGs) anti-diabetic drugs with the highest availability being OBs 36% and LPGs 40.2%, in private pharmacies and public pharmacies, respectively. The availability of global drugs ranged from 49.7% in private hospitals to 68.8% in private pharmacies. Two cardiovascular and four global medicines had greater than 80% availability across the pharmaceutical sectors. The median price ratio for OBs and LPGs was 9.60 and 1.72 for procurement, it was 8.08 and 2.60 in private pharmacies, 13.56 and 2.66 in public hospitals, and 16.38 and 7.89 in private hospitals. The percentage markup on LPG was 49.4% in public hospitals, 51.4% in private pharmacies, and 323% in private hospitals. Only nine medicines in both public hospitals and private pharmacies and two in the private hospital pharmacies required less than the daily wage of the lowest-paid government worker.<h4>Conclusion</h4>The availability of cardiovascular, diabetes, and global medicines was below 80% across the different pharmaceutical sectors in Abuja and the medicines were unaffordable. Although the prices were generally exorbitant, private pharmacies offered the best options in terms of availability, pricing, and affordability of medicines. Therefore, the results of this study emphasize the pertinence of enforcing policies that facilitate the availability, pricing, and affordability of cardiovascular, diabetes, and global medicines.Nkeiruka Grace OsuaforChinwe Victoria UkweMathew OkontaPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 8, p e0255567 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Nkeiruka Grace Osuafor Chinwe Victoria Ukwe Mathew Okonta Evaluation of availability, price, and affordability of cardiovascular, diabetes, and global medicines in Abuja, Nigeria.
description	<h4>Objective</h4>To assess the availability, price, and affordability of cardiovascular, diabetes, and global medicines in Abuja, Nigeria.<h4>Methods</h4>A cross-sectional survey involving 27 private pharmacies, 13 public pharmacies, and 25 private hospital pharmacies in Abuja was conducted using the standardized World Health Organization/Health Action International methodology. The availability percentage for each pharmacy sector and each medicine was analyzed. The median price ratio (MPR) (ratio of the median price to the international reference prices) of the medicines were evaluated accordingly. Affordability was assessed by calculating the number of days' wages the lowest-paid unskilled government worker required to purchase a month worth of the standard treatment for a chronic condition.<h4>Results</h4>The availability of cardiovascular (CV) medicines ranged from 28.4% (in private hospital pharmacies) to 59.9% (in private pharmacies). There was mixed variability in the mean availability of Originator Brands (OBs) and Lowest Priced Generics (LPGs) anti-diabetic drugs with the highest availability being OBs 36% and LPGs 40.2%, in private pharmacies and public pharmacies, respectively. The availability of global drugs ranged from 49.7% in private hospitals to 68.8% in private pharmacies. Two cardiovascular and four global medicines had greater than 80% availability across the pharmaceutical sectors. The median price ratio for OBs and LPGs was 9.60 and 1.72 for procurement, it was 8.08 and 2.60 in private pharmacies, 13.56 and 2.66 in public hospitals, and 16.38 and 7.89 in private hospitals. The percentage markup on LPG was 49.4% in public hospitals, 51.4% in private pharmacies, and 323% in private hospitals. Only nine medicines in both public hospitals and private pharmacies and two in the private hospital pharmacies required less than the daily wage of the lowest-paid government worker.<h4>Conclusion</h4>The availability of cardiovascular, diabetes, and global medicines was below 80% across the different pharmaceutical sectors in Abuja and the medicines were unaffordable. Although the prices were generally exorbitant, private pharmacies offered the best options in terms of availability, pricing, and affordability of medicines. Therefore, the results of this study emphasize the pertinence of enforcing policies that facilitate the availability, pricing, and affordability of cardiovascular, diabetes, and global medicines.
format	article
author	Nkeiruka Grace Osuafor Chinwe Victoria Ukwe Mathew Okonta
author_facet	Nkeiruka Grace Osuafor Chinwe Victoria Ukwe Mathew Okonta
author_sort	Nkeiruka Grace Osuafor
title	Evaluation of availability, price, and affordability of cardiovascular, diabetes, and global medicines in Abuja, Nigeria.
title_short	Evaluation of availability, price, and affordability of cardiovascular, diabetes, and global medicines in Abuja, Nigeria.
title_full	Evaluation of availability, price, and affordability of cardiovascular, diabetes, and global medicines in Abuja, Nigeria.
title_fullStr	Evaluation of availability, price, and affordability of cardiovascular, diabetes, and global medicines in Abuja, Nigeria.
title_full_unstemmed	Evaluation of availability, price, and affordability of cardiovascular, diabetes, and global medicines in Abuja, Nigeria.
title_sort	evaluation of availability, price, and affordability of cardiovascular, diabetes, and global medicines in abuja, nigeria.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/7f6076a3b6ed49e293756bea6ddb2124
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Evaluation of availability, price, and affordability of cardiovascular, diabetes, and global medicines in Abuja, Nigeria.

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