Over 150 Years of Long-Term Fertilization Alters Spatial Scaling of Microbial Biodiversity

ABSTRACT Spatial scaling is a critical issue in ecology, but how anthropogenic activities like fertilization affect spatial scaling is poorly understood, especially for microbial communities. Here, we determined the effects of long-term fertilization on the spatial scaling of microbial functional di...

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Autores principales:	Yuting Liang, Liyou Wu, Ian M. Clark, Kai Xue, Yunfeng Yang, Joy D. Van Nostrand, Ye Deng, Zhili He, Steve McGrath, Jonathan Storkey, Penny R. Hirsch, Bo Sun, Jizhong Zhou
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Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2015
Materias:	Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/7fa742aa8f7d4f93a3cbd92071719f99
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:7fa742aa8f7d4f93a3cbd92071719f992021-11-15T15:41:33ZOver 150 Years of Long-Term Fertilization Alters Spatial Scaling of Microbial Biodiversity10.1128/mBio.00240-152150-7511https://doaj.org/article/7fa742aa8f7d4f93a3cbd92071719f992015-05-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.00240-15https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511ABSTRACT Spatial scaling is a critical issue in ecology, but how anthropogenic activities like fertilization affect spatial scaling is poorly understood, especially for microbial communities. Here, we determined the effects of long-term fertilization on the spatial scaling of microbial functional diversity and its relationships to plant diversity in the 150-year-old Park Grass Experiment, the oldest continuous grassland experiment in the world. Nested samples were taken from plots with contrasting inorganic fertilization regimes, and community DNAs were analyzed using the GeoChip-based functional gene array. The slopes of microbial gene-area relationships (GARs) and plant species-area relationships (SARs) were estimated in a plot receiving nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) and a control plot without fertilization. Our results indicated that long-term inorganic fertilization significantly increased both microbial GARs and plant SARs. Microbial spatial turnover rates (i.e., z values) were less than 0.1 and were significantly higher in the fertilized plot (0.0583) than in the control plot (0.0449) (P < 0.0001). The z values also varied significantly with different functional genes involved in carbon (C), N, P, and sulfur (S) cycling and with various phylogenetic groups (archaea, bacteria, and fungi). Similarly, the plant SARs increased significantly (P < 0.0001), from 0.225 in the control plot to 0.419 in the fertilized plot. Soil fertilization, plant diversity, and spatial distance had roughly equal contributions in shaping the microbial functional community structure, while soil geochemical variables contributed less. These results indicated that long-term agricultural practice could alter the spatial scaling of microbial biodiversity. IMPORTANCE Determining the spatial scaling of microbial biodiversity and its response to human activities is important but challenging in microbial ecology. Most studies to date are based on different sites that may not be truly comparable or on short-term perturbations, and hence, the results observed could represent transient responses. This study examined the spatial patterns of microbial communities in response to different fertilization regimes at the Rothamsted Research Experimental Station, which has become an invaluable resource for ecologists, environmentalists, and soil scientists. The current study is the first showing that long-term fertilization has dramatic impacts on the spatial scaling of microbial communities. By identifying the spatial patterns in response to long-term fertilization and their underlying mechanisms, this study makes fundamental contributions to predictive understanding of microbial biogeography.Yuting LiangLiyou WuIan M. ClarkKai XueYunfeng YangJoy D. Van NostrandYe DengZhili HeSteve McGrathJonathan StorkeyPenny R. HirschBo SunJizhong ZhouAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmBio, Vol 6, Iss 2 (2015)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	Microbiology QR1-502 Yuting Liang Liyou Wu Ian M. Clark Kai Xue Yunfeng Yang Joy D. Van Nostrand Ye Deng Zhili He Steve McGrath Jonathan Storkey Penny R. Hirsch Bo Sun Jizhong Zhou Over 150 Years of Long-Term Fertilization Alters Spatial Scaling of Microbial Biodiversity
description	ABSTRACT Spatial scaling is a critical issue in ecology, but how anthropogenic activities like fertilization affect spatial scaling is poorly understood, especially for microbial communities. Here, we determined the effects of long-term fertilization on the spatial scaling of microbial functional diversity and its relationships to plant diversity in the 150-year-old Park Grass Experiment, the oldest continuous grassland experiment in the world. Nested samples were taken from plots with contrasting inorganic fertilization regimes, and community DNAs were analyzed using the GeoChip-based functional gene array. The slopes of microbial gene-area relationships (GARs) and plant species-area relationships (SARs) were estimated in a plot receiving nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) and a control plot without fertilization. Our results indicated that long-term inorganic fertilization significantly increased both microbial GARs and plant SARs. Microbial spatial turnover rates (i.e., z values) were less than 0.1 and were significantly higher in the fertilized plot (0.0583) than in the control plot (0.0449) (P < 0.0001). The z values also varied significantly with different functional genes involved in carbon (C), N, P, and sulfur (S) cycling and with various phylogenetic groups (archaea, bacteria, and fungi). Similarly, the plant SARs increased significantly (P < 0.0001), from 0.225 in the control plot to 0.419 in the fertilized plot. Soil fertilization, plant diversity, and spatial distance had roughly equal contributions in shaping the microbial functional community structure, while soil geochemical variables contributed less. These results indicated that long-term agricultural practice could alter the spatial scaling of microbial biodiversity. IMPORTANCE Determining the spatial scaling of microbial biodiversity and its response to human activities is important but challenging in microbial ecology. Most studies to date are based on different sites that may not be truly comparable or on short-term perturbations, and hence, the results observed could represent transient responses. This study examined the spatial patterns of microbial communities in response to different fertilization regimes at the Rothamsted Research Experimental Station, which has become an invaluable resource for ecologists, environmentalists, and soil scientists. The current study is the first showing that long-term fertilization has dramatic impacts on the spatial scaling of microbial communities. By identifying the spatial patterns in response to long-term fertilization and their underlying mechanisms, this study makes fundamental contributions to predictive understanding of microbial biogeography.
format	article
author	Yuting Liang Liyou Wu Ian M. Clark Kai Xue Yunfeng Yang Joy D. Van Nostrand Ye Deng Zhili He Steve McGrath Jonathan Storkey Penny R. Hirsch Bo Sun Jizhong Zhou
author_facet	Yuting Liang Liyou Wu Ian M. Clark Kai Xue Yunfeng Yang Joy D. Van Nostrand Ye Deng Zhili He Steve McGrath Jonathan Storkey Penny R. Hirsch Bo Sun Jizhong Zhou
author_sort	Yuting Liang
title	Over 150 Years of Long-Term Fertilization Alters Spatial Scaling of Microbial Biodiversity
title_short	Over 150 Years of Long-Term Fertilization Alters Spatial Scaling of Microbial Biodiversity
title_full	Over 150 Years of Long-Term Fertilization Alters Spatial Scaling of Microbial Biodiversity
title_fullStr	Over 150 Years of Long-Term Fertilization Alters Spatial Scaling of Microbial Biodiversity
title_full_unstemmed	Over 150 Years of Long-Term Fertilization Alters Spatial Scaling of Microbial Biodiversity
title_sort	over 150 years of long-term fertilization alters spatial scaling of microbial biodiversity
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2015
url	https://doaj.org/article/7fa742aa8f7d4f93a3cbd92071719f99
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Over 150 Years of Long-Term Fertilization Alters Spatial Scaling of Microbial Biodiversity

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