Olfactory threshold and odor discrimination ability in children – evaluation of a modified “Sniffin’ Sticks” test

Abstract The clinical diagnostics of olfactory dysfunction in children turns out to be challenging due to low attention span, insufficient linguistic development and lack of odor experiences. Several smell tests have been developed for adults. Most of these examinations take a relatively long time a...

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Autores principales:	Janine Gellrich, Carolin Stetzler, Anna Oleszkiewicz, Thomas Hummel, Valentin A. Schriever
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2017
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/800463de1d5940f7ab40b176f2fa8891
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:800463de1d5940f7ab40b176f2fa88912021-12-02T16:06:31ZOlfactory threshold and odor discrimination ability in children – evaluation of a modified “Sniffin’ Sticks” test10.1038/s41598-017-01465-12045-2322https://doaj.org/article/800463de1d5940f7ab40b176f2fa88912017-05-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01465-1https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract The clinical diagnostics of olfactory dysfunction in children turns out to be challenging due to low attention span, insufficient linguistic development and lack of odor experiences. Several smell tests have been developed for adults. Most of these examinations take a relatively long time and require a high level of concentration. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to evaluate an odor discrimination and olfactory threshold test using the frequently used “Sniffin’ Sticks” in children and adolescents in a simplified two-alternative-forced-choice version (2AFC) and compare it to the original three-alternative-forced-choice test (3AFC). One-hundred-twenty-one healthy participants aged between 5 and 17 years took part in this study. Within each of the two sessions participants underwent olfactory testing using the modified 2AFC as well as the standard 3AFC method. A better test-retest reliability was achieved using the original 3AFC method compared to the modified 2AFC. This was true for the odor discrimination as well as the olfactory threshold. Age had a significant influence on both tests, which should be considered when testing young children. We discuss these findings with relation to the existing norms and recommend using the 3AFC version due to a better test-retest reliability to measure olfactory function in children.Janine GellrichCarolin StetzlerAnna OleszkiewiczThomas HummelValentin A. SchrieverNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 7, Iss 1, Pp 1-6 (2017)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Janine Gellrich Carolin Stetzler Anna Oleszkiewicz Thomas Hummel Valentin A. Schriever Olfactory threshold and odor discrimination ability in children – evaluation of a modified “Sniffin’ Sticks” test
description	Abstract The clinical diagnostics of olfactory dysfunction in children turns out to be challenging due to low attention span, insufficient linguistic development and lack of odor experiences. Several smell tests have been developed for adults. Most of these examinations take a relatively long time and require a high level of concentration. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to evaluate an odor discrimination and olfactory threshold test using the frequently used “Sniffin’ Sticks” in children and adolescents in a simplified two-alternative-forced-choice version (2AFC) and compare it to the original three-alternative-forced-choice test (3AFC). One-hundred-twenty-one healthy participants aged between 5 and 17 years took part in this study. Within each of the two sessions participants underwent olfactory testing using the modified 2AFC as well as the standard 3AFC method. A better test-retest reliability was achieved using the original 3AFC method compared to the modified 2AFC. This was true for the odor discrimination as well as the olfactory threshold. Age had a significant influence on both tests, which should be considered when testing young children. We discuss these findings with relation to the existing norms and recommend using the 3AFC version due to a better test-retest reliability to measure olfactory function in children.
format	article
author	Janine Gellrich Carolin Stetzler Anna Oleszkiewicz Thomas Hummel Valentin A. Schriever
author_facet	Janine Gellrich Carolin Stetzler Anna Oleszkiewicz Thomas Hummel Valentin A. Schriever
author_sort	Janine Gellrich
title	Olfactory threshold and odor discrimination ability in children – evaluation of a modified “Sniffin’ Sticks” test
title_short	Olfactory threshold and odor discrimination ability in children – evaluation of a modified “Sniffin’ Sticks” test
title_full	Olfactory threshold and odor discrimination ability in children – evaluation of a modified “Sniffin’ Sticks” test
title_fullStr	Olfactory threshold and odor discrimination ability in children – evaluation of a modified “Sniffin’ Sticks” test
title_full_unstemmed	Olfactory threshold and odor discrimination ability in children – evaluation of a modified “Sniffin’ Sticks” test
title_sort	olfactory threshold and odor discrimination ability in children – evaluation of a modified “sniffin’ sticks” test
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2017
url	https://doaj.org/article/800463de1d5940f7ab40b176f2fa8891
work_keys_str_mv	AT janinegellrich olfactorythresholdandodordiscriminationabilityinchildrenevaluationofamodifiedsniffinstickstest AT carolinstetzler olfactorythresholdandodordiscriminationabilityinchildrenevaluationofamodifiedsniffinstickstest AT annaoleszkiewicz olfactorythresholdandodordiscriminationabilityinchildrenevaluationofamodifiedsniffinstickstest AT thomashummel olfactorythresholdandodordiscriminationabilityinchildrenevaluationofamodifiedsniffinstickstest AT valentinaschriever olfactorythresholdandodordiscriminationabilityinchildrenevaluationofamodifiedsniffinstickstest
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Olfactory threshold and odor discrimination ability in children – evaluation of a modified “Sniffin’ Sticks” test

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