Epithelial-Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Pathophysiology of Epithelial Injury and Repair in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: Connecting Immunology in Research Lab to Biomarkers in Clinics

Epithelial barrier disruption and failure of epithelial repair by aberrant epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-induced basal cells observed in nasal mucosa of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) are speculated to play important roles in disease pathophysiology. Microparticles (MPs) are a type of extrac...

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Autores principales:	Toru Takahashi, Robert P Schleimer
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	epithelial injury and repair extracellular vesicles microparticles chronic rhinosinusitis nasal polyps EpCAM Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/8047dc7c0eaa4aa2966e9e333f8f492a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:8047dc7c0eaa4aa2966e9e333f8f492a2021-11-11T17:10:02ZEpithelial-Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Pathophysiology of Epithelial Injury and Repair in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: Connecting Immunology in Research Lab to Biomarkers in Clinics10.3390/ijms2221117091422-00671661-6596https://doaj.org/article/8047dc7c0eaa4aa2966e9e333f8f492a2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11709https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067Epithelial barrier disruption and failure of epithelial repair by aberrant epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-induced basal cells observed in nasal mucosa of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) are speculated to play important roles in disease pathophysiology. Microparticles (MPs) are a type of extracellular vesicle (EV) released by budding or shedding from the plasma membrane of activated or apoptotic cells. MPs are detected in nasal lavage fluids (NLFs) and are now receiving attention as potential biomarkers to evaluate the degree of activation of immune cells and injury of structural cells in nasal mucosa of subjects with sinus disease. There are three types of epithelial-cell-derived MPs, which are defined by the expression of different epithelial specific markers on their surface: EpCAM, E-cadherin, and integrin β6 (ITGB6). When these markers are on MPs that are also carrying canonical EMT/mesenchymal markers (Snail (SNAI1); Slug (SNAI2); alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA, ACTA2)) or pro- and anti-coagulant molecules (tissue factor (TF); tissue plasminogen activator (tPA); plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)), they provide insight as to the roles of epithelial activation for EMT or regulation of coagulation in the underlying disease. In this review, we discuss the potential of epithelial MPs as research tools to evaluate status of nasal mucosae of CRS patients in the lab, as well as biomarkers for management and treatment of CRS in the clinic.Toru TakahashiRobert P SchleimerMDPI AGarticleepithelial injury and repairextracellular vesiclesmicroparticleschronic rhinosinusitisnasal polypsEpCAMBiology (General)QH301-705.5ChemistryQD1-999ENInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 11709, p 11709 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	epithelial injury and repair extracellular vesicles microparticles chronic rhinosinusitis nasal polyps EpCAM Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	epithelial injury and repair extracellular vesicles microparticles chronic rhinosinusitis nasal polyps EpCAM Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999 Toru Takahashi Robert P Schleimer Epithelial-Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Pathophysiology of Epithelial Injury and Repair in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: Connecting Immunology in Research Lab to Biomarkers in Clinics
description	Epithelial barrier disruption and failure of epithelial repair by aberrant epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-induced basal cells observed in nasal mucosa of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) are speculated to play important roles in disease pathophysiology. Microparticles (MPs) are a type of extracellular vesicle (EV) released by budding or shedding from the plasma membrane of activated or apoptotic cells. MPs are detected in nasal lavage fluids (NLFs) and are now receiving attention as potential biomarkers to evaluate the degree of activation of immune cells and injury of structural cells in nasal mucosa of subjects with sinus disease. There are three types of epithelial-cell-derived MPs, which are defined by the expression of different epithelial specific markers on their surface: EpCAM, E-cadherin, and integrin β6 (ITGB6). When these markers are on MPs that are also carrying canonical EMT/mesenchymal markers (Snail (SNAI1); Slug (SNAI2); alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA, ACTA2)) or pro- and anti-coagulant molecules (tissue factor (TF); tissue plasminogen activator (tPA); plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)), they provide insight as to the roles of epithelial activation for EMT or regulation of coagulation in the underlying disease. In this review, we discuss the potential of epithelial MPs as research tools to evaluate status of nasal mucosae of CRS patients in the lab, as well as biomarkers for management and treatment of CRS in the clinic.
format	article
author	Toru Takahashi Robert P Schleimer
author_facet	Toru Takahashi Robert P Schleimer
author_sort	Toru Takahashi
title	Epithelial-Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Pathophysiology of Epithelial Injury and Repair in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: Connecting Immunology in Research Lab to Biomarkers in Clinics
title_short	Epithelial-Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Pathophysiology of Epithelial Injury and Repair in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: Connecting Immunology in Research Lab to Biomarkers in Clinics
title_full	Epithelial-Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Pathophysiology of Epithelial Injury and Repair in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: Connecting Immunology in Research Lab to Biomarkers in Clinics
title_fullStr	Epithelial-Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Pathophysiology of Epithelial Injury and Repair in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: Connecting Immunology in Research Lab to Biomarkers in Clinics
title_full_unstemmed	Epithelial-Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Pathophysiology of Epithelial Injury and Repair in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: Connecting Immunology in Research Lab to Biomarkers in Clinics
title_sort	epithelial-cell-derived extracellular vesicles in pathophysiology of epithelial injury and repair in chronic rhinosinusitis: connecting immunology in research lab to biomarkers in clinics
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/8047dc7c0eaa4aa2966e9e333f8f492a
work_keys_str_mv	AT torutakahashi epithelialcellderivedextracellularvesiclesinpathophysiologyofepithelialinjuryandrepairinchronicrhinosinusitisconnectingimmunologyinresearchlabtobiomarkersinclinics AT robertpschleimer epithelialcellderivedextracellularvesiclesinpathophysiologyofepithelialinjuryandrepairinchronicrhinosinusitisconnectingimmunologyinresearchlabtobiomarkersinclinics
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Epithelial-Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Pathophysiology of Epithelial Injury and Repair in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: Connecting Immunology in Research Lab to Biomarkers in Clinics

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