Climatology and Formation Environments of Severe Convective Windstorms and Tornadoes in the Perm Region (Russia) in 1984–2020

Severe convective windstorms and tornadoes regularly hit the territory of Russia causing substantial damage and fatalities. An analysis of the climatology and formation environments of these events is essential for risk assessments, forecast improvements and identifying of links with the observed cl...

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Autores principales:	Andrey Shikhov, Alexander Chernokulsky, Nikolay Kalinin, Alexey Bykov, Evgeniya Pischalnikova
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	squall tornado damage survey windthrow climatology Perm region Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/806b887c22ce41d2a1e8629eb6bf9734
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:806b887c22ce41d2a1e8629eb6bf97342021-11-25T16:44:13ZClimatology and Formation Environments of Severe Convective Windstorms and Tornadoes in the Perm Region (Russia) in 1984–202010.3390/atmos121114072073-4433https://doaj.org/article/806b887c22ce41d2a1e8629eb6bf97342021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/11/1407https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4433Severe convective windstorms and tornadoes regularly hit the territory of Russia causing substantial damage and fatalities. An analysis of the climatology and formation environments of these events is essential for risk assessments, forecast improvements and identifying of links with the observed climate change. In this paper, we present an analysis of severe convective windstorms, i.e., squalls and tornadoes reported between 1984 and 2020 in the Perm region (northeast of European Russia), where a local maximum in the frequency of such events was previously found. The analysed database consists of 165 events and includes 100 squalls (convective windstorms), 59 tornadoes, and six cases with both tornadoes and squalls. We used various information to compile the database including weather station reports, damage surveys, media reports, previously presented databases, and satellite images for windthrow. We found that the satellite images of damaged forests are the main data source on tornadoes, but their role is substantially lower for windstorm events due to the larger spatial and temporal scale of such events. Synoptic-scale environments and associated values of convective indices were determined for each event with a known date and time. Similarities and differences for the formation conditions of tornadoes and windstorms were revealed. Both squalls and tornadoes occur mostly on rapidly moving cold fronts or on waving quasi-stationary fronts, associated with low-pressure systems. Analyses of 72-h air parcel backward trajectories shows that the Caspian and Aral Seas are important sources of near-surface moisture for the formation of both squalls and tornadoes. Most of these events are formed within high CAPE and high shear environments, but tornadic storms are generally characterised by a higher wind shear and helicity. We also differentiated convective storms that caused forest damage and those did not. We found the composite parameter WMAXSHEAR is the best discriminator between these two groups. In general, storm events causing windthrow mainly occur under conditions more favourable for deep well-organised convection. Thus, forest damage can be considered as an indicator of the storm severity in the Perm region and in adjacent regions with forest-covered area exceeding 50%.Andrey ShikhovAlexander ChernokulskyNikolay KalininAlexey BykovEvgeniya PischalnikovaMDPI AGarticlesqualltornadodamage surveywindthrowclimatologyPerm regionMeteorology. ClimatologyQC851-999ENAtmosphere, Vol 12, Iss 1407, p 1407 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	squall tornado damage survey windthrow climatology Perm region Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999
spellingShingle	squall tornado damage survey windthrow climatology Perm region Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999 Andrey Shikhov Alexander Chernokulsky Nikolay Kalinin Alexey Bykov Evgeniya Pischalnikova Climatology and Formation Environments of Severe Convective Windstorms and Tornadoes in the Perm Region (Russia) in 1984–2020
description	Severe convective windstorms and tornadoes regularly hit the territory of Russia causing substantial damage and fatalities. An analysis of the climatology and formation environments of these events is essential for risk assessments, forecast improvements and identifying of links with the observed climate change. In this paper, we present an analysis of severe convective windstorms, i.e., squalls and tornadoes reported between 1984 and 2020 in the Perm region (northeast of European Russia), where a local maximum in the frequency of such events was previously found. The analysed database consists of 165 events and includes 100 squalls (convective windstorms), 59 tornadoes, and six cases with both tornadoes and squalls. We used various information to compile the database including weather station reports, damage surveys, media reports, previously presented databases, and satellite images for windthrow. We found that the satellite images of damaged forests are the main data source on tornadoes, but their role is substantially lower for windstorm events due to the larger spatial and temporal scale of such events. Synoptic-scale environments and associated values of convective indices were determined for each event with a known date and time. Similarities and differences for the formation conditions of tornadoes and windstorms were revealed. Both squalls and tornadoes occur mostly on rapidly moving cold fronts or on waving quasi-stationary fronts, associated with low-pressure systems. Analyses of 72-h air parcel backward trajectories shows that the Caspian and Aral Seas are important sources of near-surface moisture for the formation of both squalls and tornadoes. Most of these events are formed within high CAPE and high shear environments, but tornadic storms are generally characterised by a higher wind shear and helicity. We also differentiated convective storms that caused forest damage and those did not. We found the composite parameter WMAXSHEAR is the best discriminator between these two groups. In general, storm events causing windthrow mainly occur under conditions more favourable for deep well-organised convection. Thus, forest damage can be considered as an indicator of the storm severity in the Perm region and in adjacent regions with forest-covered area exceeding 50%.
format	article
author	Andrey Shikhov Alexander Chernokulsky Nikolay Kalinin Alexey Bykov Evgeniya Pischalnikova
author_facet	Andrey Shikhov Alexander Chernokulsky Nikolay Kalinin Alexey Bykov Evgeniya Pischalnikova
author_sort	Andrey Shikhov
title	Climatology and Formation Environments of Severe Convective Windstorms and Tornadoes in the Perm Region (Russia) in 1984–2020
title_short	Climatology and Formation Environments of Severe Convective Windstorms and Tornadoes in the Perm Region (Russia) in 1984–2020
title_full	Climatology and Formation Environments of Severe Convective Windstorms and Tornadoes in the Perm Region (Russia) in 1984–2020
title_fullStr	Climatology and Formation Environments of Severe Convective Windstorms and Tornadoes in the Perm Region (Russia) in 1984–2020
title_full_unstemmed	Climatology and Formation Environments of Severe Convective Windstorms and Tornadoes in the Perm Region (Russia) in 1984–2020
title_sort	climatology and formation environments of severe convective windstorms and tornadoes in the perm region (russia) in 1984–2020
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/806b887c22ce41d2a1e8629eb6bf9734
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Climatology and Formation Environments of Severe Convective Windstorms and Tornadoes in the Perm Region (Russia) in 1984–2020

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