Exfoliation Resistance, Microstructure, and Oxide Formation Mechanisms of the White Oxide Layer on CP Ti and Ti–Nb–Ta–Zr Alloys

We found that specific biomedical Ti and its alloys, such as CP Ti, Ti–29Nb–13Ta–4.6Zr, and Ti–36Nb–2Ta–3Zr–0.3O, form a bright white oxide layer after a particular oxidation heat treatment. In this paper, the interfacial microstructure of the oxide layer on Ti–29Nb–13Ta–4.6Zr and the exfoliation re...

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Autores principales:	Eri Miura-Fujiwara, Soichiro Yamada, Keisuke Mizushima, Masahiko Nishijima, Yoshimi Watanabe, Toshihiro Kasuga, Mitsuo Niinomi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	titanium–niobium–tantalum–zirconium (Ti–Nb–Ta–Zr) alloy oxide coating biomaterials exfoliation resistance interfacial microstructure nanoindentation Technology T Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering TK1-9971 Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Microscopy QH201-278.5 Descriptive and experimental mechanics QC120-168.85
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:80db61d455fe4bb897ec6e49cc2448752021-11-11T18:08:15ZExfoliation Resistance, Microstructure, and Oxide Formation Mechanisms of the White Oxide Layer on CP Ti and Ti–Nb–Ta–Zr Alloys10.3390/ma142165991996-1944https://doaj.org/article/80db61d455fe4bb897ec6e49cc2448752021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/21/6599https://doaj.org/toc/1996-1944We found that specific biomedical Ti and its alloys, such as CP Ti, Ti–29Nb–13Ta–4.6Zr, and Ti–36Nb–2Ta–3Zr–0.3O, form a bright white oxide layer after a particular oxidation heat treatment. In this paper, the interfacial microstructure of the oxide layer on Ti–29Nb–13Ta–4.6Zr and the exfoliation resistance of commercially pure (CP) Ti, Ti–29Nb–13Ta–4.6Zr, and Ti–36Nb–2Ta–3Zr–0.3O were investigated. The alloys investigated were oxidized at 1273 or 1323 K for 0.3–3.6 ks in an air furnace. The exfoliation stress of the oxide layer was high in Ti–29Nb–13Ta–4.6Zr and Ti–36Nb–2Ta–3Zr–0.3O, and the maximum exfoliation stress was as high as 70 MPa, which is almost the same as the stress exhibited by epoxy adhesives, whereas the exfoliation stress of the oxide layer on CP Ti was less than 7 MPa, regardless of duration time. The nanoindentation hardness and frictional coefficients of the oxide layer on Ti–29Nb–13Ta–4.6Zr suggested that the oxide layer was hard and robust enough for artificial tooth coating. The cross-sectional transmission electron microscopic observations of the microstructure of oxidized Ti–29Nb–13Ta–4.6Zr revealed that a continuous oxide layer formed on the surface of the alloys. The Au marker method revealed that both in- and out-diffusion occur during oxidation in Ti–29Nb–13Ta–4.6Zr and Ti–36Nb–2Ta–3Zr–0.3O, whereas only out-diffusion governs oxidation in CP Ti. The obtained results indicate that the high exfoliation resistance of the oxide layer on Ti–29Nb–13Ta–4.6Zr and Ti-36Nb-2Ta-3Zr-0.3O are attributed to their dense microstructures composing of fine particles, and a composition-graded interfacial microstructure. On the basis of the results of our microstructural observations, the oxide formation mechanism of the Ti–Nb–Ta–Zr alloy is discussed.Eri Miura-FujiwaraSoichiro YamadaKeisuke MizushimaMasahiko NishijimaYoshimi WatanabeToshihiro KasugaMitsuo NiinomiMDPI AGarticletitanium–niobium–tantalum–zirconium (Ti–Nb–Ta–Zr) alloyoxide coatingbiomaterialsexfoliation resistanceinterfacial microstructurenanoindentationTechnologyTElectrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineeringTK1-9971Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)TA1-2040MicroscopyQH201-278.5Descriptive and experimental mechanicsQC120-168.85ENMaterials, Vol 14, Iss 6599, p 6599 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	titanium–niobium–tantalum–zirconium (Ti–Nb–Ta–Zr) alloy oxide coating biomaterials exfoliation resistance interfacial microstructure nanoindentation Technology T Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering TK1-9971 Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Microscopy QH201-278.5 Descriptive and experimental mechanics QC120-168.85
spellingShingle	titanium–niobium–tantalum–zirconium (Ti–Nb–Ta–Zr) alloy oxide coating biomaterials exfoliation resistance interfacial microstructure nanoindentation Technology T Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering TK1-9971 Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Microscopy QH201-278.5 Descriptive and experimental mechanics QC120-168.85 Eri Miura-Fujiwara Soichiro Yamada Keisuke Mizushima Masahiko Nishijima Yoshimi Watanabe Toshihiro Kasuga Mitsuo Niinomi Exfoliation Resistance, Microstructure, and Oxide Formation Mechanisms of the White Oxide Layer on CP Ti and Ti–Nb–Ta–Zr Alloys
description	We found that specific biomedical Ti and its alloys, such as CP Ti, Ti–29Nb–13Ta–4.6Zr, and Ti–36Nb–2Ta–3Zr–0.3O, form a bright white oxide layer after a particular oxidation heat treatment. In this paper, the interfacial microstructure of the oxide layer on Ti–29Nb–13Ta–4.6Zr and the exfoliation resistance of commercially pure (CP) Ti, Ti–29Nb–13Ta–4.6Zr, and Ti–36Nb–2Ta–3Zr–0.3O were investigated. The alloys investigated were oxidized at 1273 or 1323 K for 0.3–3.6 ks in an air furnace. The exfoliation stress of the oxide layer was high in Ti–29Nb–13Ta–4.6Zr and Ti–36Nb–2Ta–3Zr–0.3O, and the maximum exfoliation stress was as high as 70 MPa, which is almost the same as the stress exhibited by epoxy adhesives, whereas the exfoliation stress of the oxide layer on CP Ti was less than 7 MPa, regardless of duration time. The nanoindentation hardness and frictional coefficients of the oxide layer on Ti–29Nb–13Ta–4.6Zr suggested that the oxide layer was hard and robust enough for artificial tooth coating. The cross-sectional transmission electron microscopic observations of the microstructure of oxidized Ti–29Nb–13Ta–4.6Zr revealed that a continuous oxide layer formed on the surface of the alloys. The Au marker method revealed that both in- and out-diffusion occur during oxidation in Ti–29Nb–13Ta–4.6Zr and Ti–36Nb–2Ta–3Zr–0.3O, whereas only out-diffusion governs oxidation in CP Ti. The obtained results indicate that the high exfoliation resistance of the oxide layer on Ti–29Nb–13Ta–4.6Zr and Ti-36Nb-2Ta-3Zr-0.3O are attributed to their dense microstructures composing of fine particles, and a composition-graded interfacial microstructure. On the basis of the results of our microstructural observations, the oxide formation mechanism of the Ti–Nb–Ta–Zr alloy is discussed.
format	article
author	Eri Miura-Fujiwara Soichiro Yamada Keisuke Mizushima Masahiko Nishijima Yoshimi Watanabe Toshihiro Kasuga Mitsuo Niinomi
author_facet	Eri Miura-Fujiwara Soichiro Yamada Keisuke Mizushima Masahiko Nishijima Yoshimi Watanabe Toshihiro Kasuga Mitsuo Niinomi
author_sort	Eri Miura-Fujiwara
title	Exfoliation Resistance, Microstructure, and Oxide Formation Mechanisms of the White Oxide Layer on CP Ti and Ti–Nb–Ta–Zr Alloys
title_short	Exfoliation Resistance, Microstructure, and Oxide Formation Mechanisms of the White Oxide Layer on CP Ti and Ti–Nb–Ta–Zr Alloys
title_full	Exfoliation Resistance, Microstructure, and Oxide Formation Mechanisms of the White Oxide Layer on CP Ti and Ti–Nb–Ta–Zr Alloys
title_fullStr	Exfoliation Resistance, Microstructure, and Oxide Formation Mechanisms of the White Oxide Layer on CP Ti and Ti–Nb–Ta–Zr Alloys
title_full_unstemmed	Exfoliation Resistance, Microstructure, and Oxide Formation Mechanisms of the White Oxide Layer on CP Ti and Ti–Nb–Ta–Zr Alloys
title_sort	exfoliation resistance, microstructure, and oxide formation mechanisms of the white oxide layer on cp ti and ti–nb–ta–zr alloys
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/80db61d455fe4bb897ec6e49cc244875
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Exfoliation Resistance, Microstructure, and Oxide Formation Mechanisms of the White Oxide Layer on CP Ti and Ti–Nb–Ta–Zr Alloys

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