Human Health Risk Assessment of Trace Elements in Tap Water and the Factors Influencing Its Value

(1) Background: The influence of tap water fittings construction and internal pipe-work on the release of heavy metals was investigated. (2) Methods: A statistical approach was applied for the examination of the chemistry of tap water in five different cities in southern Poland. In total, 500 sample...

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Autores principales:	Katarzyna Wątor, Piotr Rusiniak, Agnieszka Martyna, Ewa Kmiecik, Adam Postawa
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	trace elements aquatic environment tap water risk assessment hazard Index multivariate statistics Mineralogy QE351-399.2
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/8150a1d871d544f09311eeda88b4057b
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:8150a1d871d544f09311eeda88b4057b2021-11-25T18:26:54ZHuman Health Risk Assessment of Trace Elements in Tap Water and the Factors Influencing Its Value10.3390/min111112912075-163Xhttps://doaj.org/article/8150a1d871d544f09311eeda88b4057b2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/11/11/1291https://doaj.org/toc/2075-163X(1) Background: The influence of tap water fittings construction and internal pipe-work on the release of heavy metals was investigated. (2) Methods: A statistical approach was applied for the examination of the chemistry of tap water in five different cities in southern Poland. In total, 500 samples were collected (from 100 to 101 samples in each city). The sampling protocol included information on the construction of the water supply network and the physicochemical parameters of measured tap water. (3) Results: The statistical analysis allowed to extract the crucial factors that affect the concentrations of trace elements in tap water. Age of connection, age of tap, age of pipe-work as well as material of connection, material of pipe-work and material of appliance reveal the most significant variability of concentrations observed for As, Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn. Calculated cancer risks (CRs) decrease with the following order of analysed elements Ni > Cd > Cr > As = Pb and can be associated with the factors that affect the appearance of such elements in tap water. The hazard index (HI) was evaluated as negligible in 59.1% of the sampling points and low in 40.1% for adults. For children, a high risk was observed in 0.2%, medium in 9.0%, negligible in 0.4%, and low for the rest of the analysed samples.Katarzyna WątorPiotr RusiniakAgnieszka MartynaEwa KmiecikAdam PostawaMDPI AGarticletrace elementsaquatic environmenttap waterrisk assessmenthazard Indexmultivariate statisticsMineralogyQE351-399.2ENMinerals, Vol 11, Iss 1291, p 1291 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	trace elements aquatic environment tap water risk assessment hazard Index multivariate statistics Mineralogy QE351-399.2
spellingShingle	trace elements aquatic environment tap water risk assessment hazard Index multivariate statistics Mineralogy QE351-399.2 Katarzyna Wątor Piotr Rusiniak Agnieszka Martyna Ewa Kmiecik Adam Postawa Human Health Risk Assessment of Trace Elements in Tap Water and the Factors Influencing Its Value
description	(1) Background: The influence of tap water fittings construction and internal pipe-work on the release of heavy metals was investigated. (2) Methods: A statistical approach was applied for the examination of the chemistry of tap water in five different cities in southern Poland. In total, 500 samples were collected (from 100 to 101 samples in each city). The sampling protocol included information on the construction of the water supply network and the physicochemical parameters of measured tap water. (3) Results: The statistical analysis allowed to extract the crucial factors that affect the concentrations of trace elements in tap water. Age of connection, age of tap, age of pipe-work as well as material of connection, material of pipe-work and material of appliance reveal the most significant variability of concentrations observed for As, Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn. Calculated cancer risks (CRs) decrease with the following order of analysed elements Ni > Cd > Cr > As = Pb and can be associated with the factors that affect the appearance of such elements in tap water. The hazard index (HI) was evaluated as negligible in 59.1% of the sampling points and low in 40.1% for adults. For children, a high risk was observed in 0.2%, medium in 9.0%, negligible in 0.4%, and low for the rest of the analysed samples.
format	article
author	Katarzyna Wątor Piotr Rusiniak Agnieszka Martyna Ewa Kmiecik Adam Postawa
author_facet	Katarzyna Wątor Piotr Rusiniak Agnieszka Martyna Ewa Kmiecik Adam Postawa
author_sort	Katarzyna Wątor
title	Human Health Risk Assessment of Trace Elements in Tap Water and the Factors Influencing Its Value
title_short	Human Health Risk Assessment of Trace Elements in Tap Water and the Factors Influencing Its Value
title_full	Human Health Risk Assessment of Trace Elements in Tap Water and the Factors Influencing Its Value
title_fullStr	Human Health Risk Assessment of Trace Elements in Tap Water and the Factors Influencing Its Value
title_full_unstemmed	Human Health Risk Assessment of Trace Elements in Tap Water and the Factors Influencing Its Value
title_sort	human health risk assessment of trace elements in tap water and the factors influencing its value
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/8150a1d871d544f09311eeda88b4057b
work_keys_str_mv	AT katarzynawator humanhealthriskassessmentoftraceelementsintapwaterandthefactorsinfluencingitsvalue AT piotrrusiniak humanhealthriskassessmentoftraceelementsintapwaterandthefactorsinfluencingitsvalue AT agnieszkamartyna humanhealthriskassessmentoftraceelementsintapwaterandthefactorsinfluencingitsvalue AT ewakmiecik humanhealthriskassessmentoftraceelementsintapwaterandthefactorsinfluencingitsvalue AT adampostawa humanhealthriskassessmentoftraceelementsintapwaterandthefactorsinfluencingitsvalue
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Human Health Risk Assessment of Trace Elements in Tap Water and the Factors Influencing Its Value

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