Implications of sample size and acquired number of steps to investigate running biomechanics

Abstract Low reproducibility and non-optimal sample sizes are current concerns in scientific research, especially within human movement studies. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the implications of different sample sizes and number of steps on data variability and statistical outcomes from kin...

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Autores principales:	Anderson Souza Oliveira, Cristina Ioana Pirscoveanu
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/8173497095094c9095939c900b665339
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:8173497095094c9095939c900b6653392021-12-02T14:06:25ZImplications of sample size and acquired number of steps to investigate running biomechanics10.1038/s41598-021-82876-z2045-2322https://doaj.org/article/8173497095094c9095939c900b6653392021-02-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82876-zhttps://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Low reproducibility and non-optimal sample sizes are current concerns in scientific research, especially within human movement studies. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the implications of different sample sizes and number of steps on data variability and statistical outcomes from kinematic and kinetics running biomechanical variables. Forty-four participants ran overground using their preferred technique (normal) and minimizing the contact sound volume (silent). Running speed, peak vertical, braking forces, and vertical average loading rate were extracted from > 40 steps/runner. Data stability was computed using a sequential estimation technique. Statistical outcomes (p values and effect sizes) from the comparison normal vs silent running were extracted from 100,000 random samples, using various combinations of sample size (from 10 to 40 runners) and number of steps (from 5 to 40 steps). The results showed that only 35% of the study sample could reach average stability using up to 10 steps across all biomechanical variables. The loading rate was consistently significantly lower during silent running compared to normal running, with large effect sizes across all combinations. However, variables presenting small or medium effect sizes (running speed and peak braking force), required > 20 runners to reach significant differences. Therefore, varying sample sizes and number of steps are shown to influence the normal vs silent running statistical outcomes in a variable-dependent manner. Based on our results, we recommend that studies involving analysis of traditional running biomechanical variables use a minimum of 25 participants and 25 steps from each participant to provide appropriate data stability and statistical power.Anderson Souza OliveiraCristina Ioana PirscoveanuNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-15 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Anderson Souza Oliveira Cristina Ioana Pirscoveanu Implications of sample size and acquired number of steps to investigate running biomechanics
description	Abstract Low reproducibility and non-optimal sample sizes are current concerns in scientific research, especially within human movement studies. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the implications of different sample sizes and number of steps on data variability and statistical outcomes from kinematic and kinetics running biomechanical variables. Forty-four participants ran overground using their preferred technique (normal) and minimizing the contact sound volume (silent). Running speed, peak vertical, braking forces, and vertical average loading rate were extracted from > 40 steps/runner. Data stability was computed using a sequential estimation technique. Statistical outcomes (p values and effect sizes) from the comparison normal vs silent running were extracted from 100,000 random samples, using various combinations of sample size (from 10 to 40 runners) and number of steps (from 5 to 40 steps). The results showed that only 35% of the study sample could reach average stability using up to 10 steps across all biomechanical variables. The loading rate was consistently significantly lower during silent running compared to normal running, with large effect sizes across all combinations. However, variables presenting small or medium effect sizes (running speed and peak braking force), required > 20 runners to reach significant differences. Therefore, varying sample sizes and number of steps are shown to influence the normal vs silent running statistical outcomes in a variable-dependent manner. Based on our results, we recommend that studies involving analysis of traditional running biomechanical variables use a minimum of 25 participants and 25 steps from each participant to provide appropriate data stability and statistical power.
format	article
author	Anderson Souza Oliveira Cristina Ioana Pirscoveanu
author_facet	Anderson Souza Oliveira Cristina Ioana Pirscoveanu
author_sort	Anderson Souza Oliveira
title	Implications of sample size and acquired number of steps to investigate running biomechanics
title_short	Implications of sample size and acquired number of steps to investigate running biomechanics
title_full	Implications of sample size and acquired number of steps to investigate running biomechanics
title_fullStr	Implications of sample size and acquired number of steps to investigate running biomechanics
title_full_unstemmed	Implications of sample size and acquired number of steps to investigate running biomechanics
title_sort	implications of sample size and acquired number of steps to investigate running biomechanics
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/8173497095094c9095939c900b665339
work_keys_str_mv	AT andersonsouzaoliveira implicationsofsamplesizeandacquirednumberofstepstoinvestigaterunningbiomechanics AT cristinaioanapirscoveanu implicationsofsamplesizeandacquirednumberofstepstoinvestigaterunningbiomechanics
_version_	1718392031222431744

Implications of sample size and acquired number of steps to investigate running biomechanics

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