On the Emergence of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Cryptococcus gattii</named-content> in the Pacific Northwest: Ballast Tanks, Tsunamis, and Black Swans
ABSTRACT The appearance of Cryptococcus gattii in the North American Pacific Northwest (PNW) in 1999 was an unexpected and is still an unexplained event. Recent phylogenomic analyses strongly suggest that this pathogenic fungus arrived in the PNW approximately 7 to 9 decades ago. In this paper, we t...
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American Society for Microbiology
2019
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oai:doaj.org-article:817d6d6d30664ee183474fd5bac626ae2021-11-15T15:59:40ZOn the Emergence of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Cryptococcus gattii</named-content> in the Pacific Northwest: Ballast Tanks, Tsunamis, and Black Swans10.1128/mBio.02193-192150-7511https://doaj.org/article/817d6d6d30664ee183474fd5bac626ae2019-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.02193-19https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511ABSTRACT The appearance of Cryptococcus gattii in the North American Pacific Northwest (PNW) in 1999 was an unexpected and is still an unexplained event. Recent phylogenomic analyses strongly suggest that this pathogenic fungus arrived in the PNW approximately 7 to 9 decades ago. In this paper, we theorize that the ancestors of the PNW C. gattii clones arrived in the area by shipborne transport, possibly in contaminated ballast, and established themselves in coastal waters early in the 20th century. In 1964, a tsunami flooded local coastal regions, transporting C. gattii to land. The occurrence of cryptococcosis in animals and humans 3 decades later suggests that adaptation to local environs took time, possibly requiring an increase in virulence and further dispersal. Tsunamis as a mechanism for the seeding of land with pathogenic waterborne microbes may have important implications for our understanding of how infectious diseases emerge in certain regions. This hypothesis suggests experimental work for its validation or refutation.David M. EngelthalerArturo CasadevallAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleCryptococcus gattiiPacific Northwestblack swandisease ecologyemerging infectious diseaseepidemiologyMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmBio, Vol 10, Iss 5 (2019) |
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Cryptococcus gattii Pacific Northwest black swan disease ecology emerging infectious disease epidemiology Microbiology QR1-502 |
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Cryptococcus gattii Pacific Northwest black swan disease ecology emerging infectious disease epidemiology Microbiology QR1-502 David M. Engelthaler Arturo Casadevall On the Emergence of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Cryptococcus gattii</named-content> in the Pacific Northwest: Ballast Tanks, Tsunamis, and Black Swans |
| description |
ABSTRACT The appearance of Cryptococcus gattii in the North American Pacific Northwest (PNW) in 1999 was an unexpected and is still an unexplained event. Recent phylogenomic analyses strongly suggest that this pathogenic fungus arrived in the PNW approximately 7 to 9 decades ago. In this paper, we theorize that the ancestors of the PNW C. gattii clones arrived in the area by shipborne transport, possibly in contaminated ballast, and established themselves in coastal waters early in the 20th century. In 1964, a tsunami flooded local coastal regions, transporting C. gattii to land. The occurrence of cryptococcosis in animals and humans 3 decades later suggests that adaptation to local environs took time, possibly requiring an increase in virulence and further dispersal. Tsunamis as a mechanism for the seeding of land with pathogenic waterborne microbes may have important implications for our understanding of how infectious diseases emerge in certain regions. This hypothesis suggests experimental work for its validation or refutation. |
| format |
article |
| author |
David M. Engelthaler Arturo Casadevall |
| author_facet |
David M. Engelthaler Arturo Casadevall |
| author_sort |
David M. Engelthaler |
| title |
On the Emergence of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Cryptococcus gattii</named-content> in the Pacific Northwest: Ballast Tanks, Tsunamis, and Black Swans |
| title_short |
On the Emergence of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Cryptococcus gattii</named-content> in the Pacific Northwest: Ballast Tanks, Tsunamis, and Black Swans |
| title_full |
On the Emergence of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Cryptococcus gattii</named-content> in the Pacific Northwest: Ballast Tanks, Tsunamis, and Black Swans |
| title_fullStr |
On the Emergence of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Cryptococcus gattii</named-content> in the Pacific Northwest: Ballast Tanks, Tsunamis, and Black Swans |
| title_full_unstemmed |
On the Emergence of <named-content content-type="genus-species">Cryptococcus gattii</named-content> in the Pacific Northwest: Ballast Tanks, Tsunamis, and Black Swans |
| title_sort |
on the emergence of <named-content content-type="genus-species">cryptococcus gattii</named-content> in the pacific northwest: ballast tanks, tsunamis, and black swans |
| publisher |
American Society for Microbiology |
| publishDate |
2019 |
| url |
https://doaj.org/article/817d6d6d30664ee183474fd5bac626ae |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT davidmengelthaler ontheemergenceofnamedcontentcontenttypegenusspeciescryptococcusgattiinamedcontentinthepacificnorthwestballasttankstsunamisandblackswans AT arturocasadevall ontheemergenceofnamedcontentcontenttypegenusspeciescryptococcusgattiinamedcontentinthepacificnorthwestballasttankstsunamisandblackswans |
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1718427037294657536 |