Are Argonaute-Associated Tiny RNAs Junk, Inferior miRNAs, or a New Type of Functional RNAs?

The biosynthesis pathways of microRNAs (miRNAs) have been well characterized with the identification of the required components. miRNAs are synthesized from the transcripts of miRNA genes and other RNAs, such as introns, transfer RNAs, ribosomal RNAs, small nucleolar RNAs, and even viral miRNAs. The...

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Autor principal:	Kotaro Nakanishi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	argonaute dicer tiny RNA miRNA tRNA siRNA Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/81e547794cc24f1a83820456b5a18f31
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:81e547794cc24f1a83820456b5a18f312021-12-03T07:07:38ZAre Argonaute-Associated Tiny RNAs Junk, Inferior miRNAs, or a New Type of Functional RNAs?2296-889X10.3389/fmolb.2021.795356https://doaj.org/article/81e547794cc24f1a83820456b5a18f312021-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmolb.2021.795356/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-889XThe biosynthesis pathways of microRNAs (miRNAs) have been well characterized with the identification of the required components. miRNAs are synthesized from the transcripts of miRNA genes and other RNAs, such as introns, transfer RNAs, ribosomal RNAs, small nucleolar RNAs, and even viral miRNAs. These small RNAs are loaded into Argonaute (AGO) proteins and recruit the effector complexes to target mRNAs, repressing their gene expression post-transcriptionally. While mature miRNAs were defined as 19–23 nucleotides (nt), tiny RNAs (tyRNAs) shorter than 19 nt have been found to bind AGOs as equivalent or lesser miRNAs compared to their full-length mature miRNAs. In contrast, my recent study revealed that when human AGO3 loads 14 nt cleavage-inducing tyRNAs (cityRNAs), comprised of the first 14 nt of their corresponding mature miRNA, it can become a comparable slicer to AGO2. This observation raises the possibility that tyRNAs play distinct roles from their mature form. This minireview focuses on human AGO-associated tyRNAs shorter than 19 nt and discusses their possible biosynthesis pathways and physiological benefits, including how tyRNAs could avoid target-directed miRNA degradation accompanied by AGO polyubiquitination.Kotaro NakanishiKotaro NakanishiFrontiers Media S.A.articleargonautedicertiny RNAmiRNAtRNAsiRNABiology (General)QH301-705.5ENFrontiers in Molecular Biosciences, Vol 8 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	argonaute dicer tiny RNA miRNA tRNA siRNA Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	argonaute dicer tiny RNA miRNA tRNA siRNA Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Kotaro Nakanishi Kotaro Nakanishi Are Argonaute-Associated Tiny RNAs Junk, Inferior miRNAs, or a New Type of Functional RNAs?
description	The biosynthesis pathways of microRNAs (miRNAs) have been well characterized with the identification of the required components. miRNAs are synthesized from the transcripts of miRNA genes and other RNAs, such as introns, transfer RNAs, ribosomal RNAs, small nucleolar RNAs, and even viral miRNAs. These small RNAs are loaded into Argonaute (AGO) proteins and recruit the effector complexes to target mRNAs, repressing their gene expression post-transcriptionally. While mature miRNAs were defined as 19–23 nucleotides (nt), tiny RNAs (tyRNAs) shorter than 19 nt have been found to bind AGOs as equivalent or lesser miRNAs compared to their full-length mature miRNAs. In contrast, my recent study revealed that when human AGO3 loads 14 nt cleavage-inducing tyRNAs (cityRNAs), comprised of the first 14 nt of their corresponding mature miRNA, it can become a comparable slicer to AGO2. This observation raises the possibility that tyRNAs play distinct roles from their mature form. This minireview focuses on human AGO-associated tyRNAs shorter than 19 nt and discusses their possible biosynthesis pathways and physiological benefits, including how tyRNAs could avoid target-directed miRNA degradation accompanied by AGO polyubiquitination.
format	article
author	Kotaro Nakanishi Kotaro Nakanishi
author_facet	Kotaro Nakanishi Kotaro Nakanishi
author_sort	Kotaro Nakanishi
title	Are Argonaute-Associated Tiny RNAs Junk, Inferior miRNAs, or a New Type of Functional RNAs?
title_short	Are Argonaute-Associated Tiny RNAs Junk, Inferior miRNAs, or a New Type of Functional RNAs?
title_full	Are Argonaute-Associated Tiny RNAs Junk, Inferior miRNAs, or a New Type of Functional RNAs?
title_fullStr	Are Argonaute-Associated Tiny RNAs Junk, Inferior miRNAs, or a New Type of Functional RNAs?
title_full_unstemmed	Are Argonaute-Associated Tiny RNAs Junk, Inferior miRNAs, or a New Type of Functional RNAs?
title_sort	are argonaute-associated tiny rnas junk, inferior mirnas, or a new type of functional rnas?
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/81e547794cc24f1a83820456b5a18f31
work_keys_str_mv	AT kotaronakanishi areargonauteassociatedtinyrnasjunkinferiormirnasoranewtypeoffunctionalrnas AT kotaronakanishi areargonauteassociatedtinyrnasjunkinferiormirnasoranewtypeoffunctionalrnas
_version_	1718373880847925248

Are Argonaute-Associated Tiny RNAs Junk, Inferior miRNAs, or a New Type of Functional RNAs?

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