Prevalence of Calf Mortality in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background. Calf mortality has been a major cause of economic losses in the dairy industry in Ethiopia. The condition results in a significant drop in the number of replacing heifers and bulls for sustainable dairy business. Reports on calf mortality with a wide range of prevalence are rising in the...

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Autores principales:	Ephrem Tora, Mesfin Shrube, Tamirat Kaba, Wasihun Seyoum
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Hindawi Limited 2021
Materias:	Veterinary medicine SF600-1100
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/820123d1a7a94ec08b933e36efba870c
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:820123d1a7a94ec08b933e36efba870c2021-11-29T00:56:27ZPrevalence of Calf Mortality in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis2042-004810.1155/2021/6677986https://doaj.org/article/820123d1a7a94ec08b933e36efba870c2021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6677986https://doaj.org/toc/2042-0048Background. Calf mortality has been a major cause of economic losses in the dairy industry in Ethiopia. The condition results in a significant drop in the number of replacing heifers and bulls for sustainable dairy business. Reports on calf mortality with a wide range of prevalence are rising in the country; however, a pooled prevalence of this condition has not been established. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantitatively estimate the pooled prevalence of calf mortality in Ethiopia. Methods. Meta-analysis was carried out to obtain the pooled prevalence of calf mortality in Ethiopia. A comprehensive literature search was carried out on PubMed, African Journals Online, CAB, Web of Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Eligible studies were selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Moderators such as the study area, breed of calf, study design, agroecology, and year of study article published were used as a milestone of data extraction. The random-effect model was used to estimate pooled prevalence. Publication bias and the variation in prevalence estimates attributed to heterogeneity were also assessed. Results. Twenty-five original research papers on the prevalence of calf mortality in various parts of Ethiopia were included. The reported prevalence of calf mortality was between 0.9% and 37%. The pooled prevalence of calf mortality in the country was 14.79%, and the pooled calf mortality estimate across studies for the entire period regarding 1991 to 2000, 2001 to 2010, 2011 to 2016, and 2017 to 2020 was 26.54%, 17.03%, 14.21%, and 11.23%, respectively. Analysis of study subgroups and location revealed significant variations in prevalence. High heterogeneity was observed in the pooled estimates and even after the subgroup meta-analysis. The funnel plots and Egger’s regression asymmetry coefficient (b = −1.0434) (95% CI = −1.49, −0.59; p value of 0.012) did suggest the presence of publication bias. There was also an indication of missing studies that could be incorporated by Duval and Tweedie’s trim and fill method where they might fall on a funnel plot and visualize them in an attempt to increase the plot’s symmetry. Analyses also suggest that calf breed, sample size, and study location are likely to be moderators of calf mortality prevalence in Ethiopia. Conclusion. This finding shows that calf mortality is widespread and could result in considerable economic losses for the dairy industry in Ethiopia. Inevitably, a significant reduction in calf mortality prevalence has been observed in recent years since 2010, but the reduction has not yet reached an economically tolerable level. Calf breed susceptibility contributed to the high prevalence. Therefore, interventions for increasing calf health and performance should be focused on minimizing calf mortality on farm and animal levels.Ephrem ToraMesfin ShrubeTamirat KabaWasihun SeyoumHindawi LimitedarticleVeterinary medicineSF600-1100ENVeterinary Medicine International, Vol 2021 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Veterinary medicine SF600-1100
spellingShingle	Veterinary medicine SF600-1100 Ephrem Tora Mesfin Shrube Tamirat Kaba Wasihun Seyoum Prevalence of Calf Mortality in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
description	Background. Calf mortality has been a major cause of economic losses in the dairy industry in Ethiopia. The condition results in a significant drop in the number of replacing heifers and bulls for sustainable dairy business. Reports on calf mortality with a wide range of prevalence are rising in the country; however, a pooled prevalence of this condition has not been established. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantitatively estimate the pooled prevalence of calf mortality in Ethiopia. Methods. Meta-analysis was carried out to obtain the pooled prevalence of calf mortality in Ethiopia. A comprehensive literature search was carried out on PubMed, African Journals Online, CAB, Web of Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Eligible studies were selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Moderators such as the study area, breed of calf, study design, agroecology, and year of study article published were used as a milestone of data extraction. The random-effect model was used to estimate pooled prevalence. Publication bias and the variation in prevalence estimates attributed to heterogeneity were also assessed. Results. Twenty-five original research papers on the prevalence of calf mortality in various parts of Ethiopia were included. The reported prevalence of calf mortality was between 0.9% and 37%. The pooled prevalence of calf mortality in the country was 14.79%, and the pooled calf mortality estimate across studies for the entire period regarding 1991 to 2000, 2001 to 2010, 2011 to 2016, and 2017 to 2020 was 26.54%, 17.03%, 14.21%, and 11.23%, respectively. Analysis of study subgroups and location revealed significant variations in prevalence. High heterogeneity was observed in the pooled estimates and even after the subgroup meta-analysis. The funnel plots and Egger’s regression asymmetry coefficient (b = −1.0434) (95% CI = −1.49, −0.59; p value of 0.012) did suggest the presence of publication bias. There was also an indication of missing studies that could be incorporated by Duval and Tweedie’s trim and fill method where they might fall on a funnel plot and visualize them in an attempt to increase the plot’s symmetry. Analyses also suggest that calf breed, sample size, and study location are likely to be moderators of calf mortality prevalence in Ethiopia. Conclusion. This finding shows that calf mortality is widespread and could result in considerable economic losses for the dairy industry in Ethiopia. Inevitably, a significant reduction in calf mortality prevalence has been observed in recent years since 2010, but the reduction has not yet reached an economically tolerable level. Calf breed susceptibility contributed to the high prevalence. Therefore, interventions for increasing calf health and performance should be focused on minimizing calf mortality on farm and animal levels.
format	article
author	Ephrem Tora Mesfin Shrube Tamirat Kaba Wasihun Seyoum
author_facet	Ephrem Tora Mesfin Shrube Tamirat Kaba Wasihun Seyoum
author_sort	Ephrem Tora
title	Prevalence of Calf Mortality in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
title_short	Prevalence of Calf Mortality in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
title_full	Prevalence of Calf Mortality in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
title_fullStr	Prevalence of Calf Mortality in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
title_full_unstemmed	Prevalence of Calf Mortality in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
title_sort	prevalence of calf mortality in ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
publisher	Hindawi Limited
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/820123d1a7a94ec08b933e36efba870c
work_keys_str_mv	AT ephremtora prevalenceofcalfmortalityinethiopiaasystematicreviewandmetaanalysis AT mesfinshrube prevalenceofcalfmortalityinethiopiaasystematicreviewandmetaanalysis AT tamiratkaba prevalenceofcalfmortalityinethiopiaasystematicreviewandmetaanalysis AT wasihunseyoum prevalenceofcalfmortalityinethiopiaasystematicreviewandmetaanalysis
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Prevalence of Calf Mortality in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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