Seasonal characteristics of storms over the Indian subcontinent

Abstract Storms are convective cells responsible for the major fraction of convective precipitation. Here, the pre-monsoon and monsoon season characteristics of storms are reported at Lucknow, Patna, Bhopal, and Nagpur in India using equivalent radar reflectivity factor ( $$\hbox {Z}_e$$ Z e ) given...

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Autores principales:	Kapil Dev Sindhu, G. S. Bhat
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/8320be1eb4634c429c31f82f59f677c2
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:8320be1eb4634c429c31f82f59f677c22021-12-02T13:30:10ZSeasonal characteristics of storms over the Indian subcontinent10.1038/s41598-021-82237-w2045-2322https://doaj.org/article/8320be1eb4634c429c31f82f59f677c22021-02-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82237-whttps://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Storms are convective cells responsible for the major fraction of convective precipitation. Here, the pre-monsoon and monsoon season characteristics of storms are reported at Lucknow, Patna, Bhopal, and Nagpur in India using equivalent radar reflectivity factor ( $$\hbox {Z}_e$$ Z e ) given at these radar locations. It is observed that the lifetime, speed of propagation, area, volume, echo top height and thickness lie in ranges 0.3–3 h, 5–60 km $$\hbox {h}^{-1}$$ h - 1 , 4–184 $$\hbox {km}^2$$ km 2 , 8–1600 $$\hbox {km}^3$$ km 3 , 2–14 km, and 0.5–16 km respectively. For both seasons, the relationships between radar estimated rain volume (RERV; range $$10^4$$ 10 4 – $$10^7$$ 10 7 $$\hbox {m}^3$$ m 3 ) and area-time integral (ATI; range 1–100 $$\hbox {km}^2$$ km 2 h) are established which are considered as a representative of total precipitation resulted from an individual storm during its life cycle. The results from statistical analysis of RERV-ATI pairs suggest that storms at Lucknow have similar seasonal characteristics at 87% confidence interval while other locations exhibit dissimilarities. In addition, the vertical profiles of radar reflectivity (VPRRs) of storms are constructed at their life phases, namely cumulus, mature and dissipation. It is concluded that the vertical $$\hbox {Z}_e$$ Z e gradient in mixed-phase region (5–8 km) is lower (2–2.9 dBZ $$\hbox {km}^{-1}$$ km - 1 ) at cumulus and dissipation phases than at mature phase (3.6–4.4 dBZ $$\hbox {km}^{-1}$$ km - 1 ) in monsoon season. For pre-monsoon season, this gradient lies between 3.3–5.2 dBZ $$\hbox {km}^{-1}$$ km - 1 at mature phase. Our results are of great importance for advancing knowledge about storm-scale, which has implications in short-range weather forecasting as well as developing new convective parametrization schemes.Kapil Dev SindhuG. S. BhatNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-14 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Kapil Dev Sindhu G. S. Bhat Seasonal characteristics of storms over the Indian subcontinent
description	Abstract Storms are convective cells responsible for the major fraction of convective precipitation. Here, the pre-monsoon and monsoon season characteristics of storms are reported at Lucknow, Patna, Bhopal, and Nagpur in India using equivalent radar reflectivity factor ( $$\hbox {Z}_e$$ Z e ) given at these radar locations. It is observed that the lifetime, speed of propagation, area, volume, echo top height and thickness lie in ranges 0.3–3 h, 5–60 km $$\hbox {h}^{-1}$$ h - 1 , 4–184 $$\hbox {km}^2$$ km 2 , 8–1600 $$\hbox {km}^3$$ km 3 , 2–14 km, and 0.5–16 km respectively. For both seasons, the relationships between radar estimated rain volume (RERV; range $$10^4$$ 10 4 – $$10^7$$ 10 7 $$\hbox {m}^3$$ m 3 ) and area-time integral (ATI; range 1–100 $$\hbox {km}^2$$ km 2 h) are established which are considered as a representative of total precipitation resulted from an individual storm during its life cycle. The results from statistical analysis of RERV-ATI pairs suggest that storms at Lucknow have similar seasonal characteristics at 87% confidence interval while other locations exhibit dissimilarities. In addition, the vertical profiles of radar reflectivity (VPRRs) of storms are constructed at their life phases, namely cumulus, mature and dissipation. It is concluded that the vertical $$\hbox {Z}_e$$ Z e gradient in mixed-phase region (5–8 km) is lower (2–2.9 dBZ $$\hbox {km}^{-1}$$ km - 1 ) at cumulus and dissipation phases than at mature phase (3.6–4.4 dBZ $$\hbox {km}^{-1}$$ km - 1 ) in monsoon season. For pre-monsoon season, this gradient lies between 3.3–5.2 dBZ $$\hbox {km}^{-1}$$ km - 1 at mature phase. Our results are of great importance for advancing knowledge about storm-scale, which has implications in short-range weather forecasting as well as developing new convective parametrization schemes.
format	article
author	Kapil Dev Sindhu G. S. Bhat
author_facet	Kapil Dev Sindhu G. S. Bhat
author_sort	Kapil Dev Sindhu
title	Seasonal characteristics of storms over the Indian subcontinent
title_short	Seasonal characteristics of storms over the Indian subcontinent
title_full	Seasonal characteristics of storms over the Indian subcontinent
title_fullStr	Seasonal characteristics of storms over the Indian subcontinent
title_full_unstemmed	Seasonal characteristics of storms over the Indian subcontinent
title_sort	seasonal characteristics of storms over the indian subcontinent
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/8320be1eb4634c429c31f82f59f677c2
work_keys_str_mv	AT kapildevsindhu seasonalcharacteristicsofstormsovertheindiansubcontinent AT gsbhat seasonalcharacteristicsofstormsovertheindiansubcontinent
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Seasonal characteristics of storms over the Indian subcontinent

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