Immune Response of Senegalese Sole against Betanodavirus Mutants with Modified Virulence

Nervous necrosis virus (NNV), genus <i>Betanodavirus</i>, the etiological agent of the viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), presents a genome with two positive-sense single-stranded RNA segments. Striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV) and red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis...

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Autores principales:	Juan Gémez-Mata, Sandra Souto, Isabel Bandín, María del Carmen Alonso, Juan José Borrego, Alejandro Manuel Labella, Esther García-Rosado
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	<i>Solea senegalensis</i> reassortant nervous necrosis virus 3’ non-coding region immune response OpenArray<sup>®</sup> Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/8357d81d9b7940ebbb41bcd2d79e70c8
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:8357d81d9b7940ebbb41bcd2d79e70c82021-11-25T18:37:51ZImmune Response of Senegalese Sole against Betanodavirus Mutants with Modified Virulence10.3390/pathogens101113882076-0817https://doaj.org/article/8357d81d9b7940ebbb41bcd2d79e70c82021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/11/1388https://doaj.org/toc/2076-0817Nervous necrosis virus (NNV), genus <i>Betanodavirus</i>, the etiological agent of the viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), presents a genome with two positive-sense single-stranded RNA segments. Striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV) and red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV), together with reassortants RGNNV/SJNNV, are the betanodaviruses predominantly isolated in Southern Europe. An RGNNV/SJNNV reassortant isolated from Senegalese sole (wt160) causes high mortalities in this fish species. This virus presents differences in the sequence of the 3’ non-coding region (NCR) of both segments compared to RGNNV and SJNNV reference strains. Previously, it has been reported that the reversion of two of these differences (nucleotides 1408 and 1412) in the RNA2 3’NCR to the SJNNV-type (recombinant r1408-1412) resulted in a decrease in sole mortality. In the present study, we have applied an OpenArray<sup>®</sup> to analyse the involvement of sole immune response in the virulence of several recombinants: the r1408-1412 and two recombinants, developed in the present study, harbouring mutations at positions 3073 and 3093 of RNA1 3’NCR to revert them to RGNNV-type. According to the correlation values and to the number of expressed genes, the infection with the RNA2-mutant provoked the most different immune response compared to the immune response triggered after the infection with the rest of the viruses, and the exclusive and high upregulation of genes related to the complement system. The infection with the RNA1-mutants also provoked a decrease in mortality and their replication was delayed at least 24 h compared to the wt160 replication, which could provoke the lag observed in the immune response. Furthermore, the infection with the RNA1-mutants provoked the exclusive expression of <i>pkr</i> and the downregulation of <i>il17rc</i>.Juan Gémez-MataSandra SoutoIsabel BandínMaría del Carmen AlonsoJuan José BorregoAlejandro Manuel LabellaEsther García-RosadoMDPI AGarticle<i>Solea senegalensis</i>reassortant nervous necrosis virus3’ non-coding regionimmune responseOpenArray<sup>®</sup>MedicineRENPathogens, Vol 10, Iss 1388, p 1388 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	<i>Solea senegalensis</i> reassortant nervous necrosis virus 3’ non-coding region immune response OpenArray<sup>®</sup> Medicine R
spellingShingle	<i>Solea senegalensis</i> reassortant nervous necrosis virus 3’ non-coding region immune response OpenArray<sup>®</sup> Medicine R Juan Gémez-Mata Sandra Souto Isabel Bandín María del Carmen Alonso Juan José Borrego Alejandro Manuel Labella Esther García-Rosado Immune Response of Senegalese Sole against Betanodavirus Mutants with Modified Virulence
description	Nervous necrosis virus (NNV), genus <i>Betanodavirus</i>, the etiological agent of the viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), presents a genome with two positive-sense single-stranded RNA segments. Striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV) and red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV), together with reassortants RGNNV/SJNNV, are the betanodaviruses predominantly isolated in Southern Europe. An RGNNV/SJNNV reassortant isolated from Senegalese sole (wt160) causes high mortalities in this fish species. This virus presents differences in the sequence of the 3’ non-coding region (NCR) of both segments compared to RGNNV and SJNNV reference strains. Previously, it has been reported that the reversion of two of these differences (nucleotides 1408 and 1412) in the RNA2 3’NCR to the SJNNV-type (recombinant r1408-1412) resulted in a decrease in sole mortality. In the present study, we have applied an OpenArray<sup>®</sup> to analyse the involvement of sole immune response in the virulence of several recombinants: the r1408-1412 and two recombinants, developed in the present study, harbouring mutations at positions 3073 and 3093 of RNA1 3’NCR to revert them to RGNNV-type. According to the correlation values and to the number of expressed genes, the infection with the RNA2-mutant provoked the most different immune response compared to the immune response triggered after the infection with the rest of the viruses, and the exclusive and high upregulation of genes related to the complement system. The infection with the RNA1-mutants also provoked a decrease in mortality and their replication was delayed at least 24 h compared to the wt160 replication, which could provoke the lag observed in the immune response. Furthermore, the infection with the RNA1-mutants provoked the exclusive expression of <i>pkr</i> and the downregulation of <i>il17rc</i>.
format	article
author	Juan Gémez-Mata Sandra Souto Isabel Bandín María del Carmen Alonso Juan José Borrego Alejandro Manuel Labella Esther García-Rosado
author_facet	Juan Gémez-Mata Sandra Souto Isabel Bandín María del Carmen Alonso Juan José Borrego Alejandro Manuel Labella Esther García-Rosado
author_sort	Juan Gémez-Mata
title	Immune Response of Senegalese Sole against Betanodavirus Mutants with Modified Virulence
title_short	Immune Response of Senegalese Sole against Betanodavirus Mutants with Modified Virulence
title_full	Immune Response of Senegalese Sole against Betanodavirus Mutants with Modified Virulence
title_fullStr	Immune Response of Senegalese Sole against Betanodavirus Mutants with Modified Virulence
title_full_unstemmed	Immune Response of Senegalese Sole against Betanodavirus Mutants with Modified Virulence
title_sort	immune response of senegalese sole against betanodavirus mutants with modified virulence
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/8357d81d9b7940ebbb41bcd2d79e70c8
work_keys_str_mv	AT juangemezmata immuneresponseofsenegalesesoleagainstbetanodavirusmutantswithmodifiedvirulence AT sandrasouto immuneresponseofsenegalesesoleagainstbetanodavirusmutantswithmodifiedvirulence AT isabelbandin immuneresponseofsenegalesesoleagainstbetanodavirusmutantswithmodifiedvirulence AT mariadelcarmenalonso immuneresponseofsenegalesesoleagainstbetanodavirusmutantswithmodifiedvirulence AT juanjoseborrego immuneresponseofsenegalesesoleagainstbetanodavirusmutantswithmodifiedvirulence AT alejandromanuellabella immuneresponseofsenegalesesoleagainstbetanodavirusmutantswithmodifiedvirulence AT esthergarciarosado immuneresponseofsenegalesesoleagainstbetanodavirusmutantswithmodifiedvirulence
_version_	1718410901310144512

Immune Response of Senegalese Sole against Betanodavirus Mutants with Modified Virulence

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