Chloroplast Ultrastructure and Photosynthetic Response of the Dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea Throughout Infection by Amoebophrya sp.

The endoparasitic dinoflagellate Amoebophrya infects a number of marine dinoflagellates, including toxic and harmful algal bloom-forming species. The parasite kills its host and has been proposed to be a determining factor in the demise of dinoflagellate blooms in restricted coastal waters. Previous...

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Autores principales:	Tiantian Chen, Yun Liu, Zhangxi Hu, Shuqun Song, Caiwen Li
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	Amoebophrya dinoflagellate parasitism photophysiology ultrastructure Science Q General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution QH1-199.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/83754b68f71740da8986e330ebb8695e
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:83754b68f71740da8986e330ebb8695e2021-12-01T07:47:59ZChloroplast Ultrastructure and Photosynthetic Response of the Dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea Throughout Infection by Amoebophrya sp.2296-774510.3389/fmars.2021.742498https://doaj.org/article/83754b68f71740da8986e330ebb8695e2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.742498/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-7745The endoparasitic dinoflagellate Amoebophrya infects a number of marine dinoflagellates, including toxic and harmful algal bloom-forming species. The parasite kills its host and has been proposed to be a determining factor in the demise of dinoflagellate blooms in restricted coastal waters. Previous studies have mainly focused on the occurrence, prevalence, and diversity of Amoebophrya, while the interactions between the parasite and its host have received limited attention. Herein, an Amoebophrya sp.-Akashiwo sanguinea co-culture was established from Chinese coastal waters, and morphological, physiological, and transcriptional changes throughout an infection cycle of the parasite were systemically studied. The parasitic dinoflagellate was very infectious, resulting in an infection rate up to 85.83% at a dinospore:host ratio of 10:1. Infected host cells died eventually and released approximately 370 dinospores/cell. The host nuclear structures were rapidly degraded by Amoebophrya infection, and the chloroplasts of parasitized host cells remained intact until the parasite filled the almost entire cell structure. Nevertheless, infected cultures showed sustained but lower levels of photosynthetic performance (∼64% of control cultures), and the photosynthesis-related genes were significantly down-regulated. These findings provide a better understanding of the biological basis of the complex parasite-host interactions, which will be helpful to further elucidate the ecological significance of parasitic dinoflagellates in marine ecosystems.Tiantian ChenTiantian ChenTiantian ChenYun LiuYun LiuYun LiuYun LiuZhangxi HuZhangxi HuShuqun SongShuqun SongShuqun SongCaiwen LiCaiwen LiCaiwen LiCaiwen LiFrontiers Media S.A.articleAmoebophryadinoflagellateparasitismphotophysiologyultrastructureScienceQGeneral. Including nature conservation, geographical distributionQH1-199.5ENFrontiers in Marine Science, Vol 8 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Amoebophrya dinoflagellate parasitism photophysiology ultrastructure Science Q General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution QH1-199.5
spellingShingle	Amoebophrya dinoflagellate parasitism photophysiology ultrastructure Science Q General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution QH1-199.5 Tiantian Chen Tiantian Chen Tiantian Chen Yun Liu Yun Liu Yun Liu Yun Liu Zhangxi Hu Zhangxi Hu Shuqun Song Shuqun Song Shuqun Song Caiwen Li Caiwen Li Caiwen Li Caiwen Li Chloroplast Ultrastructure and Photosynthetic Response of the Dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea Throughout Infection by Amoebophrya sp.
description	The endoparasitic dinoflagellate Amoebophrya infects a number of marine dinoflagellates, including toxic and harmful algal bloom-forming species. The parasite kills its host and has been proposed to be a determining factor in the demise of dinoflagellate blooms in restricted coastal waters. Previous studies have mainly focused on the occurrence, prevalence, and diversity of Amoebophrya, while the interactions between the parasite and its host have received limited attention. Herein, an Amoebophrya sp.-Akashiwo sanguinea co-culture was established from Chinese coastal waters, and morphological, physiological, and transcriptional changes throughout an infection cycle of the parasite were systemically studied. The parasitic dinoflagellate was very infectious, resulting in an infection rate up to 85.83% at a dinospore:host ratio of 10:1. Infected host cells died eventually and released approximately 370 dinospores/cell. The host nuclear structures were rapidly degraded by Amoebophrya infection, and the chloroplasts of parasitized host cells remained intact until the parasite filled the almost entire cell structure. Nevertheless, infected cultures showed sustained but lower levels of photosynthetic performance (∼64% of control cultures), and the photosynthesis-related genes were significantly down-regulated. These findings provide a better understanding of the biological basis of the complex parasite-host interactions, which will be helpful to further elucidate the ecological significance of parasitic dinoflagellates in marine ecosystems.
format	article
author	Tiantian Chen Tiantian Chen Tiantian Chen Yun Liu Yun Liu Yun Liu Yun Liu Zhangxi Hu Zhangxi Hu Shuqun Song Shuqun Song Shuqun Song Caiwen Li Caiwen Li Caiwen Li Caiwen Li
author_facet	Tiantian Chen Tiantian Chen Tiantian Chen Yun Liu Yun Liu Yun Liu Yun Liu Zhangxi Hu Zhangxi Hu Shuqun Song Shuqun Song Shuqun Song Caiwen Li Caiwen Li Caiwen Li Caiwen Li
author_sort	Tiantian Chen
title	Chloroplast Ultrastructure and Photosynthetic Response of the Dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea Throughout Infection by Amoebophrya sp.
title_short	Chloroplast Ultrastructure and Photosynthetic Response of the Dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea Throughout Infection by Amoebophrya sp.
title_full	Chloroplast Ultrastructure and Photosynthetic Response of the Dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea Throughout Infection by Amoebophrya sp.
title_fullStr	Chloroplast Ultrastructure and Photosynthetic Response of the Dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea Throughout Infection by Amoebophrya sp.
title_full_unstemmed	Chloroplast Ultrastructure and Photosynthetic Response of the Dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea Throughout Infection by Amoebophrya sp.
title_sort	chloroplast ultrastructure and photosynthetic response of the dinoflagellate akashiwo sanguinea throughout infection by amoebophrya sp.
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/83754b68f71740da8986e330ebb8695e
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Chloroplast Ultrastructure and Photosynthetic Response of the Dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea Throughout Infection by Amoebophrya sp.

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