Combined oral contraception and obesity are strong predictors of low-grade inflammation in healthy individuals: results from the Danish Blood Donor Study (DBDS).

<h4>Background</h4>C-reactive protein (CRP) is a well-established marker of inflammation. The level of CRP is affected by several lifestyle factors. A slightly increased CRP level, also known as low-grade inflammation (LGI), is associated with increased risk of several diseases, especial...

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Autores principales:	Cecilie J Sørensen, Ole B Pedersen, Mikkel S Petersen, Erik Sørensen, Sebastian Kotzé, Lise W Thørner, Henrik Hjalgrim, Andreas S Rigas, Bjarne Møller, Klaus Rostgaard, Mads Riiskjær, Henrik Ullum, Christian Erikstrup
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2014
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/83873a568afd472c90acab4f71b46550
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:83873a568afd472c90acab4f71b465502021-11-18T08:33:24ZCombined oral contraception and obesity are strong predictors of low-grade inflammation in healthy individuals: results from the Danish Blood Donor Study (DBDS).1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0088196https://doaj.org/article/83873a568afd472c90acab4f71b465502014-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24516611/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Background</h4>C-reactive protein (CRP) is a well-established marker of inflammation. The level of CRP is affected by several lifestyle factors. A slightly increased CRP level, also known as low-grade inflammation (LGI), is associated with increased risk of several diseases, especially cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of increased CRP levels in healthy individuals. We therefore assessed CRP in a large cohort of blood donors.<h4>Methods</h4>We measured plasma CRP levels in 15,684 participants from the Danish Blood Donor Study. CRP was measured by a commercial assay. Furthermore, all participants completed a standard questionnaire on smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, diet, and various body measurements. Female participants also reported the use of contraception, childbirth, and menopausal status. The relationship between LGI (defined here as a plasma CRP level between 3 mg/L and 10 mg/L) and predictors was explored by multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results were presented as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).<h4>Results</h4>We found LGI in a total of 1,561 (10.0%) participants. LGI was more frequent in women using combined oral contraception (OC) (29.9%) than in men (6.1%) and women not using OC (7.9%). Among premenopausal women, OC was the strongest predictor of LGI (odds ratio = 8.98, p<0.001). Additionally, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were positively associated with LGI.<h4>Conclusion</h4>High BMI and abdominal obesity strongly predicted LGI among healthy individuals. However, the most striking finding was the high prevalence of LGI among premenopausal women who used combined oral contraception. Although the significance of CRP as a marker of inflammation is well known, the role of CRP in pathogenesis is still uncertain. The impact of oral contraception on CRP levels should nevertheless be considered when CRP is used in risk assessment.Cecilie J SørensenOle B PedersenMikkel S PetersenErik SørensenSebastian KotzéLise W ThørnerHenrik HjalgrimAndreas S RigasBjarne MøllerKlaus RostgaardMads RiiskjærHenrik UllumChristian ErikstrupPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 9, Iss 2, p e88196 (2014)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Cecilie J Sørensen Ole B Pedersen Mikkel S Petersen Erik Sørensen Sebastian Kotzé Lise W Thørner Henrik Hjalgrim Andreas S Rigas Bjarne Møller Klaus Rostgaard Mads Riiskjær Henrik Ullum Christian Erikstrup Combined oral contraception and obesity are strong predictors of low-grade inflammation in healthy individuals: results from the Danish Blood Donor Study (DBDS).
description	<h4>Background</h4>C-reactive protein (CRP) is a well-established marker of inflammation. The level of CRP is affected by several lifestyle factors. A slightly increased CRP level, also known as low-grade inflammation (LGI), is associated with increased risk of several diseases, especially cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of increased CRP levels in healthy individuals. We therefore assessed CRP in a large cohort of blood donors.<h4>Methods</h4>We measured plasma CRP levels in 15,684 participants from the Danish Blood Donor Study. CRP was measured by a commercial assay. Furthermore, all participants completed a standard questionnaire on smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, diet, and various body measurements. Female participants also reported the use of contraception, childbirth, and menopausal status. The relationship between LGI (defined here as a plasma CRP level between 3 mg/L and 10 mg/L) and predictors was explored by multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results were presented as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).<h4>Results</h4>We found LGI in a total of 1,561 (10.0%) participants. LGI was more frequent in women using combined oral contraception (OC) (29.9%) than in men (6.1%) and women not using OC (7.9%). Among premenopausal women, OC was the strongest predictor of LGI (odds ratio = 8.98, p<0.001). Additionally, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were positively associated with LGI.<h4>Conclusion</h4>High BMI and abdominal obesity strongly predicted LGI among healthy individuals. However, the most striking finding was the high prevalence of LGI among premenopausal women who used combined oral contraception. Although the significance of CRP as a marker of inflammation is well known, the role of CRP in pathogenesis is still uncertain. The impact of oral contraception on CRP levels should nevertheless be considered when CRP is used in risk assessment.
format	article
author	Cecilie J Sørensen Ole B Pedersen Mikkel S Petersen Erik Sørensen Sebastian Kotzé Lise W Thørner Henrik Hjalgrim Andreas S Rigas Bjarne Møller Klaus Rostgaard Mads Riiskjær Henrik Ullum Christian Erikstrup
author_facet	Cecilie J Sørensen Ole B Pedersen Mikkel S Petersen Erik Sørensen Sebastian Kotzé Lise W Thørner Henrik Hjalgrim Andreas S Rigas Bjarne Møller Klaus Rostgaard Mads Riiskjær Henrik Ullum Christian Erikstrup
author_sort	Cecilie J Sørensen
title	Combined oral contraception and obesity are strong predictors of low-grade inflammation in healthy individuals: results from the Danish Blood Donor Study (DBDS).
title_short	Combined oral contraception and obesity are strong predictors of low-grade inflammation in healthy individuals: results from the Danish Blood Donor Study (DBDS).
title_full	Combined oral contraception and obesity are strong predictors of low-grade inflammation in healthy individuals: results from the Danish Blood Donor Study (DBDS).
title_fullStr	Combined oral contraception and obesity are strong predictors of low-grade inflammation in healthy individuals: results from the Danish Blood Donor Study (DBDS).
title_full_unstemmed	Combined oral contraception and obesity are strong predictors of low-grade inflammation in healthy individuals: results from the Danish Blood Donor Study (DBDS).
title_sort	combined oral contraception and obesity are strong predictors of low-grade inflammation in healthy individuals: results from the danish blood donor study (dbds).
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2014
url	https://doaj.org/article/83873a568afd472c90acab4f71b46550
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Combined oral contraception and obesity are strong predictors of low-grade inflammation in healthy individuals: results from the Danish Blood Donor Study (DBDS).

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