Feature-Based Molecular Networking—An Exciting Tool to Spot Species of the Genus <i>Cortinarius</i> with Hidden Photosensitizers
Fungi have developed a wide array of defense strategies to overcome mechanical injuries and pathogen infections. Recently, photoactivity has been discovered by showing that pigments isolated from <i>Cortinarius uliginosus</i> produce singlet oxygen under irradiation. To test if this phen...
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| Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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| Formato: | article |
| Lenguaje: | EN |
| Publicado: |
MDPI AG
2021
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| Materias: | |
| Acceso en línea: | https://doaj.org/article/83cbfed7ddfd4b08a20fb9f09f54350a |
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| Sumario: | Fungi have developed a wide array of defense strategies to overcome mechanical injuries and pathogen infections. Recently, photoactivity has been discovered by showing that pigments isolated from <i>Cortinarius uliginosus</i> produce singlet oxygen under irradiation. To test if this phenomenon is limited to dermocyboid Cortinarii, six colourful <i>Cortinarius</i> species belonging to different classical subgenera (i.e., <i>Dermocybe</i>, <i>Leprocybe</i>, <i>Myxacium</i>, <i>Phlegmacium</i>, and <i>Telamonia</i>) were investigated. Fungal extracts were explored by the combination of in vitro photobiological methods, UHPLC coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS<sup>2</sup>), feature-based molecular networking (FBMN), and metabolite dereplication techniques. The fungi <i>C.</i> <i>rubrophyllus</i> (<i>Dermocybe</i>) and <i>C.</i> <i>xanthophyllus</i> (<i>Phlegmacium</i>) exhibited promising photobiological activity in a low concentration range (1–7 µg/mL). Using UHPLC-HRMS<sup>2</sup>-based metabolomic tools, the underlying photoactive principle was investigated. Several monomeric and dimeric anthraquinones were annotated as compounds responsible for the photoactivity. Furthermore, the results showed that light-induced activity is not restricted to a single subgenus, but rather is a trait of <i>Cortinarius</i> species of different phylogenetic lineages and is linked to the presence of fungal anthraquinones. This study highlights the genus <i>Cortinarius</i> as a promising source for novel photopharmaceuticals. Additionally, we showed that putative dereplication of natural photosensitizers can be done by FBMN. |
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