Species, sex and geographic variation in chlamydial prevalence in abundant wild Australian parrots

Abstract Chlamydia psittaci (order: Chlamydiales) is a globally distributed zoonotic bacterium that can cause potentially fatal disease in birds and humans. Parrots are a major host, yet prevalence and risk factors for infection in wild parrots are largely unknown. Additionally, recent research sugg...

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Autores principales:	Helena S. Stokes, Johanne M. Martens, Ken Walder, Yonatan Segal, Mathew L. Berg, Andrew T. D. Bennett
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2020
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/8428f9dc86a54793bac101b4d34803bf
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:8428f9dc86a54793bac101b4d34803bf2021-12-02T15:09:31ZSpecies, sex and geographic variation in chlamydial prevalence in abundant wild Australian parrots10.1038/s41598-020-77500-52045-2322https://doaj.org/article/8428f9dc86a54793bac101b4d34803bf2020-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77500-5https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Chlamydia psittaci (order: Chlamydiales) is a globally distributed zoonotic bacterium that can cause potentially fatal disease in birds and humans. Parrots are a major host, yet prevalence and risk factors for infection in wild parrots are largely unknown. Additionally, recent research suggests there is a diverse range of novel Chlamydiales circulating in wildlife. We therefore sampled seven abundant parrot species in south-eastern Australia, taking cloacal swabs and serum from n = 132 wild adults. We determined C. psittaci and Chlamydiales prevalence and seroprevalence, and tested for host species, sex, geographical and seasonal differences, and temporal changes in individual infection status. Across all species, Chlamydiales prevalence was 39.8% (95% CI 31.6, 48.7), C. psittaci prevalence was 9.8% (95% CI 5.7, 16.3) and C. gallinacea prevalence was 0.8% (95% CI 0.1, 4.5). Other Chlamydiales species were not identified to species level. We identified two C. psittaci strains within the 6BC clade, which is highly virulent in humans. Seroprevalence was 37.0% (95% CI 28.5, 46.4). Host species (including crimson rosellas, galahs, sulphur-crested cockatoos and blue-winged parrots) differed in seroprevalence and Chlamydiales prevalence. Galahs had both highest Chlamydiales prevalence (54.8%) and seroprevalence (74.1%). Seroprevalence differed between sites, with a larger difference in males (range 20–63%) than females (29–44%). We reveal a higher chlamydial prevalence than previously reported in many wild parrots, with implications for potential reservoirs, and transmission risks to humans and other avian hosts.Helena S. StokesJohanne M. MartensKen WalderYonatan SegalMathew L. BergAndrew T. D. BennettNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 10, Iss 1, Pp 1-13 (2020)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Helena S. Stokes Johanne M. Martens Ken Walder Yonatan Segal Mathew L. Berg Andrew T. D. Bennett Species, sex and geographic variation in chlamydial prevalence in abundant wild Australian parrots
description	Abstract Chlamydia psittaci (order: Chlamydiales) is a globally distributed zoonotic bacterium that can cause potentially fatal disease in birds and humans. Parrots are a major host, yet prevalence and risk factors for infection in wild parrots are largely unknown. Additionally, recent research suggests there is a diverse range of novel Chlamydiales circulating in wildlife. We therefore sampled seven abundant parrot species in south-eastern Australia, taking cloacal swabs and serum from n = 132 wild adults. We determined C. psittaci and Chlamydiales prevalence and seroprevalence, and tested for host species, sex, geographical and seasonal differences, and temporal changes in individual infection status. Across all species, Chlamydiales prevalence was 39.8% (95% CI 31.6, 48.7), C. psittaci prevalence was 9.8% (95% CI 5.7, 16.3) and C. gallinacea prevalence was 0.8% (95% CI 0.1, 4.5). Other Chlamydiales species were not identified to species level. We identified two C. psittaci strains within the 6BC clade, which is highly virulent in humans. Seroprevalence was 37.0% (95% CI 28.5, 46.4). Host species (including crimson rosellas, galahs, sulphur-crested cockatoos and blue-winged parrots) differed in seroprevalence and Chlamydiales prevalence. Galahs had both highest Chlamydiales prevalence (54.8%) and seroprevalence (74.1%). Seroprevalence differed between sites, with a larger difference in males (range 20–63%) than females (29–44%). We reveal a higher chlamydial prevalence than previously reported in many wild parrots, with implications for potential reservoirs, and transmission risks to humans and other avian hosts.
format	article
author	Helena S. Stokes Johanne M. Martens Ken Walder Yonatan Segal Mathew L. Berg Andrew T. D. Bennett
author_facet	Helena S. Stokes Johanne M. Martens Ken Walder Yonatan Segal Mathew L. Berg Andrew T. D. Bennett
author_sort	Helena S. Stokes
title	Species, sex and geographic variation in chlamydial prevalence in abundant wild Australian parrots
title_short	Species, sex and geographic variation in chlamydial prevalence in abundant wild Australian parrots
title_full	Species, sex and geographic variation in chlamydial prevalence in abundant wild Australian parrots
title_fullStr	Species, sex and geographic variation in chlamydial prevalence in abundant wild Australian parrots
title_full_unstemmed	Species, sex and geographic variation in chlamydial prevalence in abundant wild Australian parrots
title_sort	species, sex and geographic variation in chlamydial prevalence in abundant wild australian parrots
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2020
url	https://doaj.org/article/8428f9dc86a54793bac101b4d34803bf
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Species, sex and geographic variation in chlamydial prevalence in abundant wild Australian parrots

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