Estimating Ground Elevation and Vegetation Characteristics in Coastal Salt Marshes Using UAV-Based LiDAR and Digital Aerial Photogrammetry

This study evaluates the skills of two types of drone-based point clouds, derived from LiDAR and photogrammetric techniques, in estimating ground elevation, vegetation height, and vegetation density on a highly vegetated salt marsh. The proposed formulation is calibrated and tested using data measur...

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Autores principales:	Daniele Pinton, Alberto Canestrelli, Benjamin Wilkinson, Peter Ifju, Andrew Ortega
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	salt marshes Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) Digital Aerial Photogrammetry (DAP) ground elevation vegetation height Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/84522854d7fe47c3abd5aa370d479200
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:84522854d7fe47c3abd5aa370d4792002021-11-25T18:53:44ZEstimating Ground Elevation and Vegetation Characteristics in Coastal Salt Marshes Using UAV-Based LiDAR and Digital Aerial Photogrammetry10.3390/rs132245062072-4292https://doaj.org/article/84522854d7fe47c3abd5aa370d4792002021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/22/4506https://doaj.org/toc/2072-4292This study evaluates the skills of two types of drone-based point clouds, derived from LiDAR and photogrammetric techniques, in estimating ground elevation, vegetation height, and vegetation density on a highly vegetated salt marsh. The proposed formulation is calibrated and tested using data measured on a <i>Spartina alterniflora</i>-dominated salt marsh in Little Sapelo Island, USA. The method produces high-resolution (ground sampling distance = 0.40 m) maps of ground elevation and vegetation characteristics and captures the large gradients in the proximity of tidal creeks. Our results show that LiDAR-based techniques provide more accurate reconstructions of marsh vegetation (height: MAE<sub>VH</sub> = 12.6 cm and RMSE<sub>VH</sub> = 17.5 cm; density: MAE<sub>VD</sub> = 6.9 stems m<sup>−2</sup> and RMSE<sub>VD</sub> = 9.4 stems m<sup>−2</sup>) and morphology (MAE<sub>M</sub> = 4.2 cm; RMSE<sub>M</sub> = 5.9 cm) than Digital Aerial Photogrammetry (DAP) (MAE<sub>VH</sub> = 31.1 cm; RMSE<sub>VH</sub> = 38.1 cm; MAE<sub>VD</sub> = 12.7 stems m<sup>−2</sup>; RMSE<sub>VD</sub> = 16.6 stems m<sup>−2</sup>; MAE<sub>M</sub> = 11.3 cm; RMSE<sub>M</sub> = 17.2 cm). The accuracy of the classification procedure for vegetation calculation negligibly improves when RGB images are used as input parameters together with the LiDAR-UAV point cloud (MAE<sub>VH</sub> = 6.9 cm; RMSE<sub>VH</sub> = 9.4 cm; MAE<sub>VD</sub> = 10.0 stems m<sup>−2</sup>; RMSE<sub>VD</sub> = 14.0 stems m<sup>−2</sup>). However, it improves when used together with the DAP-UAV point cloud (MAE<sub>VH</sub> = 21.7 cm; RMSE<sub>VH</sub> = 25.8 cm; MAE<sub>VD</sub> = 15.2 stems m<sup>−2</sup>; RMSE<sub>VD</sub> = 18.7 stems m<sup>−2</sup>). Thus, we discourage using DAP-UAV-derived point clouds for high-resolution vegetation mapping of coastal areas, if not coupled with other data sources.Daniele PintonAlberto CanestrelliBenjamin WilkinsonPeter IfjuAndrew OrtegaMDPI AGarticlesalt marshesUnmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)Digital Aerial Photogrammetry (DAP)ground elevationvegetation heightScienceQENRemote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 4506, p 4506 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	salt marshes Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) Digital Aerial Photogrammetry (DAP) ground elevation vegetation height Science Q
spellingShingle	salt marshes Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) Digital Aerial Photogrammetry (DAP) ground elevation vegetation height Science Q Daniele Pinton Alberto Canestrelli Benjamin Wilkinson Peter Ifju Andrew Ortega Estimating Ground Elevation and Vegetation Characteristics in Coastal Salt Marshes Using UAV-Based LiDAR and Digital Aerial Photogrammetry
description	This study evaluates the skills of two types of drone-based point clouds, derived from LiDAR and photogrammetric techniques, in estimating ground elevation, vegetation height, and vegetation density on a highly vegetated salt marsh. The proposed formulation is calibrated and tested using data measured on a <i>Spartina alterniflora</i>-dominated salt marsh in Little Sapelo Island, USA. The method produces high-resolution (ground sampling distance = 0.40 m) maps of ground elevation and vegetation characteristics and captures the large gradients in the proximity of tidal creeks. Our results show that LiDAR-based techniques provide more accurate reconstructions of marsh vegetation (height: MAE<sub>VH</sub> = 12.6 cm and RMSE<sub>VH</sub> = 17.5 cm; density: MAE<sub>VD</sub> = 6.9 stems m<sup>−2</sup> and RMSE<sub>VD</sub> = 9.4 stems m<sup>−2</sup>) and morphology (MAE<sub>M</sub> = 4.2 cm; RMSE<sub>M</sub> = 5.9 cm) than Digital Aerial Photogrammetry (DAP) (MAE<sub>VH</sub> = 31.1 cm; RMSE<sub>VH</sub> = 38.1 cm; MAE<sub>VD</sub> = 12.7 stems m<sup>−2</sup>; RMSE<sub>VD</sub> = 16.6 stems m<sup>−2</sup>; MAE<sub>M</sub> = 11.3 cm; RMSE<sub>M</sub> = 17.2 cm). The accuracy of the classification procedure for vegetation calculation negligibly improves when RGB images are used as input parameters together with the LiDAR-UAV point cloud (MAE<sub>VH</sub> = 6.9 cm; RMSE<sub>VH</sub> = 9.4 cm; MAE<sub>VD</sub> = 10.0 stems m<sup>−2</sup>; RMSE<sub>VD</sub> = 14.0 stems m<sup>−2</sup>). However, it improves when used together with the DAP-UAV point cloud (MAE<sub>VH</sub> = 21.7 cm; RMSE<sub>VH</sub> = 25.8 cm; MAE<sub>VD</sub> = 15.2 stems m<sup>−2</sup>; RMSE<sub>VD</sub> = 18.7 stems m<sup>−2</sup>). Thus, we discourage using DAP-UAV-derived point clouds for high-resolution vegetation mapping of coastal areas, if not coupled with other data sources.
format	article
author	Daniele Pinton Alberto Canestrelli Benjamin Wilkinson Peter Ifju Andrew Ortega
author_facet	Daniele Pinton Alberto Canestrelli Benjamin Wilkinson Peter Ifju Andrew Ortega
author_sort	Daniele Pinton
title	Estimating Ground Elevation and Vegetation Characteristics in Coastal Salt Marshes Using UAV-Based LiDAR and Digital Aerial Photogrammetry
title_short	Estimating Ground Elevation and Vegetation Characteristics in Coastal Salt Marshes Using UAV-Based LiDAR and Digital Aerial Photogrammetry
title_full	Estimating Ground Elevation and Vegetation Characteristics in Coastal Salt Marshes Using UAV-Based LiDAR and Digital Aerial Photogrammetry
title_fullStr	Estimating Ground Elevation and Vegetation Characteristics in Coastal Salt Marshes Using UAV-Based LiDAR and Digital Aerial Photogrammetry
title_full_unstemmed	Estimating Ground Elevation and Vegetation Characteristics in Coastal Salt Marshes Using UAV-Based LiDAR and Digital Aerial Photogrammetry
title_sort	estimating ground elevation and vegetation characteristics in coastal salt marshes using uav-based lidar and digital aerial photogrammetry
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/84522854d7fe47c3abd5aa370d479200
work_keys_str_mv	AT danielepinton estimatinggroundelevationandvegetationcharacteristicsincoastalsaltmarshesusinguavbasedlidaranddigitalaerialphotogrammetry AT albertocanestrelli estimatinggroundelevationandvegetationcharacteristicsincoastalsaltmarshesusinguavbasedlidaranddigitalaerialphotogrammetry AT benjaminwilkinson estimatinggroundelevationandvegetationcharacteristicsincoastalsaltmarshesusinguavbasedlidaranddigitalaerialphotogrammetry AT peterifju estimatinggroundelevationandvegetationcharacteristicsincoastalsaltmarshesusinguavbasedlidaranddigitalaerialphotogrammetry AT andrewortega estimatinggroundelevationandvegetationcharacteristicsincoastalsaltmarshesusinguavbasedlidaranddigitalaerialphotogrammetry
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Estimating Ground Elevation and Vegetation Characteristics in Coastal Salt Marshes Using UAV-Based LiDAR and Digital Aerial Photogrammetry

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