Morphology and Anatomy of Branch–Branch Junctions in Opuntia ficus-indica and Cylindropuntia bigelovii: A Comparative Study Supported by Mechanical Tissue Quantification

The Opuntioideae include iconic cacti whose lateral branch–branch junctions are intriguing objects from a mechanical viewpoint. We have compared Opuntia ficus-indica, which has stable branch connections, with Cylindropuntia bigelovii, whose side branches abscise...

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Autores principales:	Max D. Mylo, Linnea Hesse, Tom Masselter, Jochen Leupold, Kathrin Drozella, Thomas Speck, Olga Speck
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	Opuntioideae abscission cacti magnetic resonance imaging periderm formation tissue tensile testing Botany QK1-989
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/8522485d2bab4929aeec23abc4d151f9
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:8522485d2bab4929aeec23abc4d151f92021-11-25T18:45:15ZMorphology and Anatomy of Branch–Branch Junctions in <i>Opuntia ficus-indica</i> and <i>Cylindropuntia bigelovii</i>: A Comparative Study Supported by Mechanical Tissue Quantification10.3390/plants101123132223-7747https://doaj.org/article/8522485d2bab4929aeec23abc4d151f92021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/11/2313https://doaj.org/toc/2223-7747The Opuntioideae include iconic cacti whose lateral branch–branch junctions are intriguing objects from a mechanical viewpoint. We have compared <i>Opuntia ficus-indica</i>, which has stable branch connections, with <i>Cylindropuntia bigelovii</i>, whose side branches abscise under slight mechanical stress. To determine the underlying structures and mechanical characteristics of these stable versus shedding cacti junctions, we conducted magnetic resonance imaging, morphometric and anatomical analyses of the branches and tensile tests of individual tissues. The comparison revealed differences in geometry, shape and material properties as follows: (i) a more pronounced tapering of the cross-sectional area towards the junctions supports the abscission of young branches of <i>C. bigelovii</i>. (ii) Older branches of <i>O. ficus-indica</i> form, initially around the branch–branch junctions, collar-shaped periderm tissue. This secondary coverage mechanically stiffens the dermal tissue, giving a threefold increase in strength and a tenfold increase in the elastic modulus compared with the epidermis. (iii) An approximately 200-fold higher elastic modulus of the vascular bundles of <i>O. ficus-indica</i> is a prerequisite for the stable junction of its young branches. Our results provide, for both biological and engineered materials systems, important insights into the geometric characteristics and mechanical properties of branching joints that are either stable or easily detachable.Max D. MyloLinnea HesseTom MasselterJochen LeupoldKathrin DrozellaThomas SpeckOlga SpeckMDPI AGarticleOpuntioideaeabscissioncactimagnetic resonance imagingperiderm formationtissue tensile testingBotanyQK1-989ENPlants, Vol 10, Iss 2313, p 2313 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Opuntioideae abscission cacti magnetic resonance imaging periderm formation tissue tensile testing Botany QK1-989
spellingShingle	Opuntioideae abscission cacti magnetic resonance imaging periderm formation tissue tensile testing Botany QK1-989 Max D. Mylo Linnea Hesse Tom Masselter Jochen Leupold Kathrin Drozella Thomas Speck Olga Speck Morphology and Anatomy of Branch–Branch Junctions in <i>Opuntia ficus-indica</i> and <i>Cylindropuntia bigelovii</i>: A Comparative Study Supported by Mechanical Tissue Quantification
description	The Opuntioideae include iconic cacti whose lateral branch–branch junctions are intriguing objects from a mechanical viewpoint. We have compared <i>Opuntia ficus-indica</i>, which has stable branch connections, with <i>Cylindropuntia bigelovii</i>, whose side branches abscise under slight mechanical stress. To determine the underlying structures and mechanical characteristics of these stable versus shedding cacti junctions, we conducted magnetic resonance imaging, morphometric and anatomical analyses of the branches and tensile tests of individual tissues. The comparison revealed differences in geometry, shape and material properties as follows: (i) a more pronounced tapering of the cross-sectional area towards the junctions supports the abscission of young branches of <i>C. bigelovii</i>. (ii) Older branches of <i>O. ficus-indica</i> form, initially around the branch–branch junctions, collar-shaped periderm tissue. This secondary coverage mechanically stiffens the dermal tissue, giving a threefold increase in strength and a tenfold increase in the elastic modulus compared with the epidermis. (iii) An approximately 200-fold higher elastic modulus of the vascular bundles of <i>O. ficus-indica</i> is a prerequisite for the stable junction of its young branches. Our results provide, for both biological and engineered materials systems, important insights into the geometric characteristics and mechanical properties of branching joints that are either stable or easily detachable.
format	article
author	Max D. Mylo Linnea Hesse Tom Masselter Jochen Leupold Kathrin Drozella Thomas Speck Olga Speck
author_facet	Max D. Mylo Linnea Hesse Tom Masselter Jochen Leupold Kathrin Drozella Thomas Speck Olga Speck
author_sort	Max D. Mylo
title	Morphology and Anatomy of Branch–Branch Junctions in <i>Opuntia ficus-indica</i> and <i>Cylindropuntia bigelovii</i>: A Comparative Study Supported by Mechanical Tissue Quantification
title_short	Morphology and Anatomy of Branch–Branch Junctions in <i>Opuntia ficus-indica</i> and <i>Cylindropuntia bigelovii</i>: A Comparative Study Supported by Mechanical Tissue Quantification
title_full	Morphology and Anatomy of Branch–Branch Junctions in <i>Opuntia ficus-indica</i> and <i>Cylindropuntia bigelovii</i>: A Comparative Study Supported by Mechanical Tissue Quantification
title_fullStr	Morphology and Anatomy of Branch–Branch Junctions in <i>Opuntia ficus-indica</i> and <i>Cylindropuntia bigelovii</i>: A Comparative Study Supported by Mechanical Tissue Quantification
title_full_unstemmed	Morphology and Anatomy of Branch–Branch Junctions in <i>Opuntia ficus-indica</i> and <i>Cylindropuntia bigelovii</i>: A Comparative Study Supported by Mechanical Tissue Quantification
title_sort	morphology and anatomy of branch–branch junctions in <i>opuntia ficus-indica</i> and <i>cylindropuntia bigelovii</i>: a comparative study supported by mechanical tissue quantification
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/8522485d2bab4929aeec23abc4d151f9
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Morphology and Anatomy of Branch–Branch Junctions in <i>Opuntia ficus-indica</i> and <i>Cylindropuntia bigelovii</i>: A Comparative Study Supported by Mechanical Tissue Quantification

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