Traditional Microscopic Techniques Employed in Dental Adhesion Research—Applications and Protocols of Specimen Preparation

Microscopy is a traditional method to perform ex vivo/in vitro dental research. Contemporary microscopic techniques offer the opportunity to observe dental tissues and materials up to nanoscale level. The aim of this paper was to perform a literature review on four microscopic methods, which are wid...

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Autores principales:	Agnieszka Nawrocka, Ireneusz Piwonski, Salvatore Sauro, Annalisa Porcelli, Louis Hardan, Monika Lukomska-Szymanska
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	microscopy CLSM SEM TEM AFM dental adhesion Biotechnology TP248.13-248.65
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/856c8f81fadf42968fe351acd287bf15
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:856c8f81fadf42968fe351acd287bf152021-11-25T16:54:50ZTraditional Microscopic Techniques Employed in Dental Adhesion Research—Applications and Protocols of Specimen Preparation10.3390/bios111104082079-6374https://doaj.org/article/856c8f81fadf42968fe351acd287bf152021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/11/11/408https://doaj.org/toc/2079-6374Microscopy is a traditional method to perform ex vivo/in vitro dental research. Contemporary microscopic techniques offer the opportunity to observe dental tissues and materials up to nanoscale level. The aim of this paper was to perform a literature review on four microscopic methods, which are widely employed in dental studies concerning the evaluation of resin-dental adhesive interfaces—confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The literature search was performed using digital databases: PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus. On the basis of key words relevant to the topic and established eligibility criteria, finally 84 papers were included in the review. Presented microscopic techniques differ in their principle of operation and require specific protocols for specimen preparation. With regard to adhesion studies, microscopy assists in the description of several elements involved in adhesive bonding, as well as in the assessment of the condition of enamel surface and the most appropriate etching procedures. There are several factors determining the quality of the interaction between the substrates which could be recognized and a potential for further implementation of microscopic techniques in dental research could be recognized, especially when these techniques are used simultaneously or combined with spectroscopic methods. Through such microscopy techniques it is possible to provide clinically relevant conclusions and recommendations, which can be easily introduced for enamel-safe bonding and bonding protocols, as well as optimal pretreatments in dentine preparation.Agnieszka NawrockaIreneusz PiwonskiSalvatore SauroAnnalisa PorcelliLouis HardanMonika Lukomska-SzymanskaMDPI AGarticlemicroscopyCLSMSEMTEMAFMdental adhesionBiotechnologyTP248.13-248.65ENBiosensors, Vol 11, Iss 408, p 408 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	microscopy CLSM SEM TEM AFM dental adhesion Biotechnology TP248.13-248.65
spellingShingle	microscopy CLSM SEM TEM AFM dental adhesion Biotechnology TP248.13-248.65 Agnieszka Nawrocka Ireneusz Piwonski Salvatore Sauro Annalisa Porcelli Louis Hardan Monika Lukomska-Szymanska Traditional Microscopic Techniques Employed in Dental Adhesion Research—Applications and Protocols of Specimen Preparation
description	Microscopy is a traditional method to perform ex vivo/in vitro dental research. Contemporary microscopic techniques offer the opportunity to observe dental tissues and materials up to nanoscale level. The aim of this paper was to perform a literature review on four microscopic methods, which are widely employed in dental studies concerning the evaluation of resin-dental adhesive interfaces—confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The literature search was performed using digital databases: PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus. On the basis of key words relevant to the topic and established eligibility criteria, finally 84 papers were included in the review. Presented microscopic techniques differ in their principle of operation and require specific protocols for specimen preparation. With regard to adhesion studies, microscopy assists in the description of several elements involved in adhesive bonding, as well as in the assessment of the condition of enamel surface and the most appropriate etching procedures. There are several factors determining the quality of the interaction between the substrates which could be recognized and a potential for further implementation of microscopic techniques in dental research could be recognized, especially when these techniques are used simultaneously or combined with spectroscopic methods. Through such microscopy techniques it is possible to provide clinically relevant conclusions and recommendations, which can be easily introduced for enamel-safe bonding and bonding protocols, as well as optimal pretreatments in dentine preparation.
format	article
author	Agnieszka Nawrocka Ireneusz Piwonski Salvatore Sauro Annalisa Porcelli Louis Hardan Monika Lukomska-Szymanska
author_facet	Agnieszka Nawrocka Ireneusz Piwonski Salvatore Sauro Annalisa Porcelli Louis Hardan Monika Lukomska-Szymanska
author_sort	Agnieszka Nawrocka
title	Traditional Microscopic Techniques Employed in Dental Adhesion Research—Applications and Protocols of Specimen Preparation
title_short	Traditional Microscopic Techniques Employed in Dental Adhesion Research—Applications and Protocols of Specimen Preparation
title_full	Traditional Microscopic Techniques Employed in Dental Adhesion Research—Applications and Protocols of Specimen Preparation
title_fullStr	Traditional Microscopic Techniques Employed in Dental Adhesion Research—Applications and Protocols of Specimen Preparation
title_full_unstemmed	Traditional Microscopic Techniques Employed in Dental Adhesion Research—Applications and Protocols of Specimen Preparation
title_sort	traditional microscopic techniques employed in dental adhesion research—applications and protocols of specimen preparation
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/856c8f81fadf42968fe351acd287bf15
work_keys_str_mv	AT agnieszkanawrocka traditionalmicroscopictechniquesemployedindentaladhesionresearchapplicationsandprotocolsofspecimenpreparation AT ireneuszpiwonski traditionalmicroscopictechniquesemployedindentaladhesionresearchapplicationsandprotocolsofspecimenpreparation AT salvatoresauro traditionalmicroscopictechniquesemployedindentaladhesionresearchapplicationsandprotocolsofspecimenpreparation AT annalisaporcelli traditionalmicroscopictechniquesemployedindentaladhesionresearchapplicationsandprotocolsofspecimenpreparation AT louishardan traditionalmicroscopictechniquesemployedindentaladhesionresearchapplicationsandprotocolsofspecimenpreparation AT monikalukomskaszymanska traditionalmicroscopictechniquesemployedindentaladhesionresearchapplicationsandprotocolsofspecimenpreparation
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Traditional Microscopic Techniques Employed in Dental Adhesion Research—Applications and Protocols of Specimen Preparation

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