Climate change, humans, and the extinction of the woolly mammoth.

Woolly mammoths inhabited Eurasia and North America from late Middle Pleistocene (300 ky BP [300,000 years before present]), surviving through different climatic cycles until they vanished in the Holocene (3.6 ky BP). The debate about why the Late Quaternary extinctions occurred has centred upon env...

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Autores principales:	David Nogués-Bravo, Jesús Rodríguez, Joaquín Hortal, Persaram Batra, Miguel B Araújo
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2008
Materias:	Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/8628ce89d28c4e42af6ef07a8eab9d09
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:8628ce89d28c4e42af6ef07a8eab9d092021-11-25T05:33:25ZClimate change, humans, and the extinction of the woolly mammoth.1544-91731545-788510.1371/journal.pbio.0060079https://doaj.org/article/8628ce89d28c4e42af6ef07a8eab9d092008-04-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/18384234/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1544-9173https://doaj.org/toc/1545-7885Woolly mammoths inhabited Eurasia and North America from late Middle Pleistocene (300 ky BP [300,000 years before present]), surviving through different climatic cycles until they vanished in the Holocene (3.6 ky BP). The debate about why the Late Quaternary extinctions occurred has centred upon environmental and human-induced effects, or a combination of both. However, testing these two hypotheses-climatic and anthropogenic-has been hampered by the difficulty of generating quantitative estimates of the relationship between the contraction of the mammoth's geographical range and each of the two hypotheses. We combined climate envelope models and a population model with explicit treatment of woolly mammoth-human interactions to measure the extent to which a combination of climate changes and increased human pressures might have led to the extinction of the species in Eurasia. Climate conditions for woolly mammoths were measured across different time periods: 126 ky BP, 42 ky BP, 30 ky BP, 21 ky BP, and 6 ky BP. We show that suitable climate conditions for the mammoth reduced drastically between the Late Pleistocene and the Holocene, and 90% of its geographical range disappeared between 42 ky BP and 6 ky BP, with the remaining suitable areas in the mid-Holocene being mainly restricted to Arctic Siberia, which is where the latest records of woolly mammoths in continental Asia have been found. Results of the population models also show that the collapse of the climatic niche of the mammoth caused a significant drop in their population size, making woolly mammoths more vulnerable to the increasing hunting pressure from human populations. The coincidence of the disappearance of climatically suitable areas for woolly mammoths and the increase in anthropogenic impacts in the Holocene, the coup de grâce, likely set the place and time for the extinction of the woolly mammoth.David Nogués-BravoJesús RodríguezJoaquín HortalPersaram BatraMiguel B AraújoPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENPLoS Biology, Vol 6, Iss 4, p e79 (2008)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	Biology (General) QH301-705.5 David Nogués-Bravo Jesús Rodríguez Joaquín Hortal Persaram Batra Miguel B Araújo Climate change, humans, and the extinction of the woolly mammoth.
description	Woolly mammoths inhabited Eurasia and North America from late Middle Pleistocene (300 ky BP [300,000 years before present]), surviving through different climatic cycles until they vanished in the Holocene (3.6 ky BP). The debate about why the Late Quaternary extinctions occurred has centred upon environmental and human-induced effects, or a combination of both. However, testing these two hypotheses-climatic and anthropogenic-has been hampered by the difficulty of generating quantitative estimates of the relationship between the contraction of the mammoth's geographical range and each of the two hypotheses. We combined climate envelope models and a population model with explicit treatment of woolly mammoth-human interactions to measure the extent to which a combination of climate changes and increased human pressures might have led to the extinction of the species in Eurasia. Climate conditions for woolly mammoths were measured across different time periods: 126 ky BP, 42 ky BP, 30 ky BP, 21 ky BP, and 6 ky BP. We show that suitable climate conditions for the mammoth reduced drastically between the Late Pleistocene and the Holocene, and 90% of its geographical range disappeared between 42 ky BP and 6 ky BP, with the remaining suitable areas in the mid-Holocene being mainly restricted to Arctic Siberia, which is where the latest records of woolly mammoths in continental Asia have been found. Results of the population models also show that the collapse of the climatic niche of the mammoth caused a significant drop in their population size, making woolly mammoths more vulnerable to the increasing hunting pressure from human populations. The coincidence of the disappearance of climatically suitable areas for woolly mammoths and the increase in anthropogenic impacts in the Holocene, the coup de grâce, likely set the place and time for the extinction of the woolly mammoth.
format	article
author	David Nogués-Bravo Jesús Rodríguez Joaquín Hortal Persaram Batra Miguel B Araújo
author_facet	David Nogués-Bravo Jesús Rodríguez Joaquín Hortal Persaram Batra Miguel B Araújo
author_sort	David Nogués-Bravo
title	Climate change, humans, and the extinction of the woolly mammoth.
title_short	Climate change, humans, and the extinction of the woolly mammoth.
title_full	Climate change, humans, and the extinction of the woolly mammoth.
title_fullStr	Climate change, humans, and the extinction of the woolly mammoth.
title_full_unstemmed	Climate change, humans, and the extinction of the woolly mammoth.
title_sort	climate change, humans, and the extinction of the woolly mammoth.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2008
url	https://doaj.org/article/8628ce89d28c4e42af6ef07a8eab9d09
work_keys_str_mv	AT davidnoguesbravo climatechangehumansandtheextinctionofthewoollymammoth AT jesusrodriguez climatechangehumansandtheextinctionofthewoollymammoth AT joaquinhortal climatechangehumansandtheextinctionofthewoollymammoth AT persarambatra climatechangehumansandtheextinctionofthewoollymammoth AT miguelbaraujo climatechangehumansandtheextinctionofthewoollymammoth
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Climate change, humans, and the extinction of the woolly mammoth.

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