Effects of Crowd Size, Composition, and Noise Level On Pool Use in a Mixed-Species Penguin Colony

Studies on how visitors affect penguins in human care report a mixture of negative, neutral, and positive impacts on behavior and physiology. Swimming is a highly motivated behavior that may promote positive welfare in penguins. We investigated how visitor crowd size, composition, and noise levels i...

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Autores principales:	Ashley N. Edes, Eli Baskir, Karen L. Bauman, Nathasha Chandrasekharan, Michael Macek, Anne Tieber
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Animal Behavior and Cognition 2021
Materias:	visitor effects behavior decibel welfare zoo Zoology QL1-991
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/86bf3b784dbf4956af7d2494e462daaa
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:86bf3b784dbf4956af7d2494e462daaa2021-11-03T19:27:43ZEffects of Crowd Size, Composition, and Noise Level On Pool Use in a Mixed-Species Penguin Colony10.26451/abc.08.04.05.20212372-50522372-4323https://doaj.org/article/86bf3b784dbf4956af7d2494e462daaa2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.animalbehaviorandcognition.org/uploads/journals/35/AB_C_Vol8(4)_Edes_et_al.pdfhttps://doaj.org/toc/2372-5052https://doaj.org/toc/2372-4323Studies on how visitors affect penguins in human care report a mixture of negative, neutral, and positive impacts on behavior and physiology. Swimming is a highly motivated behavior that may promote positive welfare in penguins. We investigated how visitor crowd size, composition, and noise levels impact pool use in a mixed-species colony housing king (Aptenodytes patagonicus; n = 20), gentoo (Pygoscelis papua; n = 14), and southern rockhopper (Eudyptes chrysocome; n = 24) penguins. We used video and sound loggers to record if penguins were on land or in water, the number of human adults and children present, and noise levels using 5-minute scan samples from 09:00-15:00 over 36 continuous days. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models with proportion of penguins in the water as the dependent variable and crowd size, composition, and noise levels in A-weighted (dBA) and C-weighted (dBC) scales as independent variables. Crowd size was positively associated with pool use in gentoo penguins. Crowd composition did not predict pool use in any species. Noise levels in dBA, which is adjusted to the higher frequencies of human hearing, positively predicted pool use in southern rockhopper penguins. Noise levels in dBC, which captures lower frequencies, did not predict pool use in any species. No evidence of negative visitor effects was observed. Instead, these results suggest visitors are a neutral stimulus to king penguins and may be enriching to gentoo and southern rockhopper penguins.Ashley N. EdesEli BaskirKaren L. BaumanNathasha ChandrasekharanMichael MacekAnne TieberAnimal Behavior and Cognitionarticlevisitor effectsbehaviordecibelwelfarezooZoologyQL1-991ENAnimal Behavior and Cognition, Vol 8, Iss 4, Pp 505-520 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	visitor effects behavior decibel welfare zoo Zoology QL1-991
spellingShingle	visitor effects behavior decibel welfare zoo Zoology QL1-991 Ashley N. Edes Eli Baskir Karen L. Bauman Nathasha Chandrasekharan Michael Macek Anne Tieber Effects of Crowd Size, Composition, and Noise Level On Pool Use in a Mixed-Species Penguin Colony
description	Studies on how visitors affect penguins in human care report a mixture of negative, neutral, and positive impacts on behavior and physiology. Swimming is a highly motivated behavior that may promote positive welfare in penguins. We investigated how visitor crowd size, composition, and noise levels impact pool use in a mixed-species colony housing king (Aptenodytes patagonicus; n = 20), gentoo (Pygoscelis papua; n = 14), and southern rockhopper (Eudyptes chrysocome; n = 24) penguins. We used video and sound loggers to record if penguins were on land or in water, the number of human adults and children present, and noise levels using 5-minute scan samples from 09:00-15:00 over 36 continuous days. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models with proportion of penguins in the water as the dependent variable and crowd size, composition, and noise levels in A-weighted (dBA) and C-weighted (dBC) scales as independent variables. Crowd size was positively associated with pool use in gentoo penguins. Crowd composition did not predict pool use in any species. Noise levels in dBA, which is adjusted to the higher frequencies of human hearing, positively predicted pool use in southern rockhopper penguins. Noise levels in dBC, which captures lower frequencies, did not predict pool use in any species. No evidence of negative visitor effects was observed. Instead, these results suggest visitors are a neutral stimulus to king penguins and may be enriching to gentoo and southern rockhopper penguins.
format	article
author	Ashley N. Edes Eli Baskir Karen L. Bauman Nathasha Chandrasekharan Michael Macek Anne Tieber
author_facet	Ashley N. Edes Eli Baskir Karen L. Bauman Nathasha Chandrasekharan Michael Macek Anne Tieber
author_sort	Ashley N. Edes
title	Effects of Crowd Size, Composition, and Noise Level On Pool Use in a Mixed-Species Penguin Colony
title_short	Effects of Crowd Size, Composition, and Noise Level On Pool Use in a Mixed-Species Penguin Colony
title_full	Effects of Crowd Size, Composition, and Noise Level On Pool Use in a Mixed-Species Penguin Colony
title_fullStr	Effects of Crowd Size, Composition, and Noise Level On Pool Use in a Mixed-Species Penguin Colony
title_full_unstemmed	Effects of Crowd Size, Composition, and Noise Level On Pool Use in a Mixed-Species Penguin Colony
title_sort	effects of crowd size, composition, and noise level on pool use in a mixed-species penguin colony
publisher	Animal Behavior and Cognition
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/86bf3b784dbf4956af7d2494e462daaa
work_keys_str_mv	AT ashleynedes effectsofcrowdsizecompositionandnoiselevelonpooluseinamixedspeciespenguincolony AT elibaskir effectsofcrowdsizecompositionandnoiselevelonpooluseinamixedspeciespenguincolony AT karenlbauman effectsofcrowdsizecompositionandnoiselevelonpooluseinamixedspeciespenguincolony AT nathashachandrasekharan effectsofcrowdsizecompositionandnoiselevelonpooluseinamixedspeciespenguincolony AT michaelmacek effectsofcrowdsizecompositionandnoiselevelonpooluseinamixedspeciespenguincolony AT annetieber effectsofcrowdsizecompositionandnoiselevelonpooluseinamixedspeciespenguincolony
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Effects of Crowd Size, Composition, and Noise Level On Pool Use in a Mixed-Species Penguin Colony

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