Evaluation of the immunomodulatory effects of cobalt, copper and magnesium ions in a pro inflammatory environment

Abstract Biomaterials and scaffolds for Tissue Engineering are widely used for an effective healing and regeneration. However, the implantation of these scaffolds causes an innate immune response in which the macrophage polarization from M1 (pro-inflammatory) to M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotype is c...

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Autores principales:	Leire Díez-Tercero, Luis M. Delgado, Elia Bosch-Rué, Roman A. Perez
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/86d518a472dd4dcaa5c98278f10db798
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:86d518a472dd4dcaa5c98278f10db7982021-12-02T18:24:54ZEvaluation of the immunomodulatory effects of cobalt, copper and magnesium ions in a pro inflammatory environment10.1038/s41598-021-91070-02045-2322https://doaj.org/article/86d518a472dd4dcaa5c98278f10db7982021-06-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91070-0https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Biomaterials and scaffolds for Tissue Engineering are widely used for an effective healing and regeneration. However, the implantation of these scaffolds causes an innate immune response in which the macrophage polarization from M1 (pro-inflammatory) to M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotype is crucial to avoid chronic inflammation. Recent studies have showed that the use of bioactive ions such as cobalt (Co2+), copper (Cu2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) could improve tissue regeneration, although there is limited evidence on their effect on the macrophage response. Therefore, we investigated the immunomodulatory potential of Co2+, Cu2+ and Mg2+ in macrophage polarization. Our results indicate that Mg2+ and concentrations of Cu2+ lower than 10 μM promoted the expression of M2 related genes. However, higher concentrations of Cu2+ and Co2+ (100 μM) stimulated pro-inflammatory marker expression, indicating a concentration dependent effect of these ions. Furthermore, Mg2+ were able to decrease M1 marker expression in presence of a mild pro-inflammatory stimulus, showing that Mg2+ can be used to modulate the inflammatory response, even though their application can be limited in a strong pro-inflammatory environment.Leire Díez-TerceroLuis M. DelgadoElia Bosch-RuéRoman A. PerezNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-13 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Leire Díez-Tercero Luis M. Delgado Elia Bosch-Rué Roman A. Perez Evaluation of the immunomodulatory effects of cobalt, copper and magnesium ions in a pro inflammatory environment
description	Abstract Biomaterials and scaffolds for Tissue Engineering are widely used for an effective healing and regeneration. However, the implantation of these scaffolds causes an innate immune response in which the macrophage polarization from M1 (pro-inflammatory) to M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotype is crucial to avoid chronic inflammation. Recent studies have showed that the use of bioactive ions such as cobalt (Co2+), copper (Cu2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) could improve tissue regeneration, although there is limited evidence on their effect on the macrophage response. Therefore, we investigated the immunomodulatory potential of Co2+, Cu2+ and Mg2+ in macrophage polarization. Our results indicate that Mg2+ and concentrations of Cu2+ lower than 10 μM promoted the expression of M2 related genes. However, higher concentrations of Cu2+ and Co2+ (100 μM) stimulated pro-inflammatory marker expression, indicating a concentration dependent effect of these ions. Furthermore, Mg2+ were able to decrease M1 marker expression in presence of a mild pro-inflammatory stimulus, showing that Mg2+ can be used to modulate the inflammatory response, even though their application can be limited in a strong pro-inflammatory environment.
format	article
author	Leire Díez-Tercero Luis M. Delgado Elia Bosch-Rué Roman A. Perez
author_facet	Leire Díez-Tercero Luis M. Delgado Elia Bosch-Rué Roman A. Perez
author_sort	Leire Díez-Tercero
title	Evaluation of the immunomodulatory effects of cobalt, copper and magnesium ions in a pro inflammatory environment
title_short	Evaluation of the immunomodulatory effects of cobalt, copper and magnesium ions in a pro inflammatory environment
title_full	Evaluation of the immunomodulatory effects of cobalt, copper and magnesium ions in a pro inflammatory environment
title_fullStr	Evaluation of the immunomodulatory effects of cobalt, copper and magnesium ions in a pro inflammatory environment
title_full_unstemmed	Evaluation of the immunomodulatory effects of cobalt, copper and magnesium ions in a pro inflammatory environment
title_sort	evaluation of the immunomodulatory effects of cobalt, copper and magnesium ions in a pro inflammatory environment
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/86d518a472dd4dcaa5c98278f10db798
work_keys_str_mv	AT leiredieztercero evaluationoftheimmunomodulatoryeffectsofcobaltcopperandmagnesiumionsinaproinflammatoryenvironment AT luismdelgado evaluationoftheimmunomodulatoryeffectsofcobaltcopperandmagnesiumionsinaproinflammatoryenvironment AT eliaboschrue evaluationoftheimmunomodulatoryeffectsofcobaltcopperandmagnesiumionsinaproinflammatoryenvironment AT romanaperez evaluationoftheimmunomodulatoryeffectsofcobaltcopperandmagnesiumionsinaproinflammatoryenvironment
_version_	1718378106464501760

Evaluation of the immunomodulatory effects of cobalt, copper and magnesium ions in a pro inflammatory environment

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