Biological Indicators for Fecal Pollution Detection and Source Tracking: A Review

Fecal pollution, commonly detected in untreated or less treated sewage, is associated with health risks (e.g., waterborne diseases and antibiotic resistance dissemination), ecological issues (e.g., release of harmful gases in fecal sludge composting, proliferative bacterial/algal growth due to high...

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Autores principales:	Enze Li, Faizan Saleem, Thomas A. Edge, Herb E. Schellhorn
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	fecal pollution fecal source tracking fecal indicator water disinfection bioengineering bacterial enumeration Chemical technology TP1-1185 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/874b524c20294dcca3dd96a7840763eb
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:874b524c20294dcca3dd96a7840763eb2021-11-25T18:51:52ZBiological Indicators for Fecal Pollution Detection and Source Tracking: A Review10.3390/pr91120582227-9717https://doaj.org/article/874b524c20294dcca3dd96a7840763eb2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/9/11/2058https://doaj.org/toc/2227-9717Fecal pollution, commonly detected in untreated or less treated sewage, is associated with health risks (e.g., waterborne diseases and antibiotic resistance dissemination), ecological issues (e.g., release of harmful gases in fecal sludge composting, proliferative bacterial/algal growth due to high nutrient loads) and economy losses (e.g., reduced aqua farm harvesting). Therefore, the discharge of untreated domestic sewage to the environment and its agricultural reuse are growing concerns. The goals of fecal pollution detection include fecal waste source tracking and identifying the presence of pathogens, therefore assessing potential health risks. This review summarizes available biological fecal indicators focusing on host specificity, degree of association with fecal pollution, environmental persistence, and quantification methods in fecal pollution assessment. The development of practical tools is a crucial requirement for the implementation of mitigation strategies that may help confine the types of host-specific pathogens and determine the source control point, such as sourcing fecal wastes from point sources and nonpoint sources. Emerging multidisciplinary bacterial enumeration platforms are also discussed, including individual working mechanisms, applications, advantages, and limitations.Enze LiFaizan SaleemThomas A. EdgeHerb E. SchellhornMDPI AGarticlefecal pollutionfecal source trackingfecal indicatorwater disinfectionbioengineeringbacterial enumerationChemical technologyTP1-1185ChemistryQD1-999ENProcesses, Vol 9, Iss 2058, p 2058 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	fecal pollution fecal source tracking fecal indicator water disinfection bioengineering bacterial enumeration Chemical technology TP1-1185 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	fecal pollution fecal source tracking fecal indicator water disinfection bioengineering bacterial enumeration Chemical technology TP1-1185 Chemistry QD1-999 Enze Li Faizan Saleem Thomas A. Edge Herb E. Schellhorn Biological Indicators for Fecal Pollution Detection and Source Tracking: A Review
description	Fecal pollution, commonly detected in untreated or less treated sewage, is associated with health risks (e.g., waterborne diseases and antibiotic resistance dissemination), ecological issues (e.g., release of harmful gases in fecal sludge composting, proliferative bacterial/algal growth due to high nutrient loads) and economy losses (e.g., reduced aqua farm harvesting). Therefore, the discharge of untreated domestic sewage to the environment and its agricultural reuse are growing concerns. The goals of fecal pollution detection include fecal waste source tracking and identifying the presence of pathogens, therefore assessing potential health risks. This review summarizes available biological fecal indicators focusing on host specificity, degree of association with fecal pollution, environmental persistence, and quantification methods in fecal pollution assessment. The development of practical tools is a crucial requirement for the implementation of mitigation strategies that may help confine the types of host-specific pathogens and determine the source control point, such as sourcing fecal wastes from point sources and nonpoint sources. Emerging multidisciplinary bacterial enumeration platforms are also discussed, including individual working mechanisms, applications, advantages, and limitations.
format	article
author	Enze Li Faizan Saleem Thomas A. Edge Herb E. Schellhorn
author_facet	Enze Li Faizan Saleem Thomas A. Edge Herb E. Schellhorn
author_sort	Enze Li
title	Biological Indicators for Fecal Pollution Detection and Source Tracking: A Review
title_short	Biological Indicators for Fecal Pollution Detection and Source Tracking: A Review
title_full	Biological Indicators for Fecal Pollution Detection and Source Tracking: A Review
title_fullStr	Biological Indicators for Fecal Pollution Detection and Source Tracking: A Review
title_full_unstemmed	Biological Indicators for Fecal Pollution Detection and Source Tracking: A Review
title_sort	biological indicators for fecal pollution detection and source tracking: a review
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/874b524c20294dcca3dd96a7840763eb
work_keys_str_mv	AT enzeli biologicalindicatorsforfecalpollutiondetectionandsourcetrackingareview AT faizansaleem biologicalindicatorsforfecalpollutiondetectionandsourcetrackingareview AT thomasaedge biologicalindicatorsforfecalpollutiondetectionandsourcetrackingareview AT herbeschellhorn biologicalindicatorsforfecalpollutiondetectionandsourcetrackingareview
_version_	1718410599761707008

Biological Indicators for Fecal Pollution Detection and Source Tracking: A Review

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