The Interactions between Nanoparticles and the Innate Immune System from a Nanotechnologist Perspective

The immune system contributes to maintaining the body’s functional integrity through its two main functions: recognizing and destroying foreign external agents (invading microorganisms) and identifying and eliminating senescent cells and damaged or abnormal endogenous entities (such as cellular debr...

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Autores principales:	Lena M. Ernst, Eudald Casals, Paola Italiani, Diana Boraschi, Victor Puntes
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	nanoparticles immune system innate immunity inflammation tolerance Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/874cf5a160a341b7a51e1de748c2940f
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:874cf5a160a341b7a51e1de748c2940f2021-11-25T18:31:28ZThe Interactions between Nanoparticles and the Innate Immune System from a Nanotechnologist Perspective10.3390/nano111129912079-4991https://doaj.org/article/874cf5a160a341b7a51e1de748c2940f2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/11/2991https://doaj.org/toc/2079-4991The immune system contributes to maintaining the body’s functional integrity through its two main functions: recognizing and destroying foreign external agents (invading microorganisms) and identifying and eliminating senescent cells and damaged or abnormal endogenous entities (such as cellular debris or misfolded/degraded proteins). Accordingly, the immune system can detect molecular and cellular structures with a spatial resolution of a few nm, which allows for detecting molecular patterns expressed in a great variety of pathogens, including viral and bacterial proteins and bacterial nucleic acid sequences. Such patterns are also expressed in abnormal cells. In this context, it is expected that nanostructured materials in the size range of proteins, protein aggregates, and viruses with different molecular coatings can engage in a sophisticated interaction with the immune system. Nanoparticles can be recognized or passed undetected by the immune system. Once detected, they can be tolerated or induce defensive (inflammatory) or anti-inflammatory responses. This paper describes the different modes of interaction between nanoparticles, especially inorganic nanoparticles, and the immune system, especially the innate immune system. This perspective should help to propose a set of selection rules for nanosafety-by-design and medical nanoparticle design.Lena M. ErnstEudald CasalsPaola ItalianiDiana BoraschiVictor PuntesMDPI AGarticlenanoparticlesimmune systeminnate immunityinflammationtoleranceChemistryQD1-999ENNanomaterials, Vol 11, Iss 2991, p 2991 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	nanoparticles immune system innate immunity inflammation tolerance Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	nanoparticles immune system innate immunity inflammation tolerance Chemistry QD1-999 Lena M. Ernst Eudald Casals Paola Italiani Diana Boraschi Victor Puntes The Interactions between Nanoparticles and the Innate Immune System from a Nanotechnologist Perspective
description	The immune system contributes to maintaining the body’s functional integrity through its two main functions: recognizing and destroying foreign external agents (invading microorganisms) and identifying and eliminating senescent cells and damaged or abnormal endogenous entities (such as cellular debris or misfolded/degraded proteins). Accordingly, the immune system can detect molecular and cellular structures with a spatial resolution of a few nm, which allows for detecting molecular patterns expressed in a great variety of pathogens, including viral and bacterial proteins and bacterial nucleic acid sequences. Such patterns are also expressed in abnormal cells. In this context, it is expected that nanostructured materials in the size range of proteins, protein aggregates, and viruses with different molecular coatings can engage in a sophisticated interaction with the immune system. Nanoparticles can be recognized or passed undetected by the immune system. Once detected, they can be tolerated or induce defensive (inflammatory) or anti-inflammatory responses. This paper describes the different modes of interaction between nanoparticles, especially inorganic nanoparticles, and the immune system, especially the innate immune system. This perspective should help to propose a set of selection rules for nanosafety-by-design and medical nanoparticle design.
format	article
author	Lena M. Ernst Eudald Casals Paola Italiani Diana Boraschi Victor Puntes
author_facet	Lena M. Ernst Eudald Casals Paola Italiani Diana Boraschi Victor Puntes
author_sort	Lena M. Ernst
title	The Interactions between Nanoparticles and the Innate Immune System from a Nanotechnologist Perspective
title_short	The Interactions between Nanoparticles and the Innate Immune System from a Nanotechnologist Perspective
title_full	The Interactions between Nanoparticles and the Innate Immune System from a Nanotechnologist Perspective
title_fullStr	The Interactions between Nanoparticles and the Innate Immune System from a Nanotechnologist Perspective
title_full_unstemmed	The Interactions between Nanoparticles and the Innate Immune System from a Nanotechnologist Perspective
title_sort	interactions between nanoparticles and the innate immune system from a nanotechnologist perspective
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/874cf5a160a341b7a51e1de748c2940f
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The Interactions between Nanoparticles and the Innate Immune System from a Nanotechnologist Perspective

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