Dreams and Nightmares during the First and Second Wave of the COVID-19 Infection: A Longitudinal Study

Recent literature shows that the Coronovirus-19 (COVID-19) pandemic has provoked significant changes in dreaming. The current study intends to provide an update about dream variable changes during the second wave of COVID-19. A total of 611 participants completed a web survey from December 2020 to J...

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Autores principales:	Serena Scarpelli, Valentina Alfonsi, Maurizio Gorgoni, Alessandro Musetti, Maria Filosa, Maria C. Quattropani, Vittorio Lenzo, Elena Vegni, Lidia Borghi, Giorgia Margherita, Maria Francesca Freda, Emanuela Saita, Roberto Cattivelli, Gianluca Castelnuovo, Tommaso Manari, Giuseppe Plazzi, Luigi De Gennaro, Christian Franceschini
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	dreaming nightmares lucid dreams sleep COVID-19 pandemic Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/8773c24de1f44a2290091086987ab9e4
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:8773c24de1f44a2290091086987ab9e42021-11-25T16:56:02ZDreams and Nightmares during the First and Second Wave of the COVID-19 Infection: A Longitudinal Study10.3390/brainsci111113752076-3425https://doaj.org/article/8773c24de1f44a2290091086987ab9e42021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/11/1375https://doaj.org/toc/2076-3425Recent literature shows that the Coronovirus-19 (COVID-19) pandemic has provoked significant changes in dreaming. The current study intends to provide an update about dream variable changes during the second wave of COVID-19. A total of 611 participants completed a web survey from December 2020 to January 2021. Statistical comparisons showed that subjects had lower dream-recall frequency, nightmare frequency, lucid-dream frequency, emotional intensity, and nightmare distress during the second than the first wave of the pandemic. Dreams had a higher negative tone during the second than first wave. We revealed significant differences concerning post-traumatic growth, sleep-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and sleep measures between groups obtained as a function of the changes in the oneiric frequency between the first and second waves. We also found significant correlations between qualitative/emotional dream features and COVID-19-related factors (job change, forced quarantine, having COVID-19 infected relatives/friends, or asking for mental health help). Overall, we found that the second wave affected fewer quantitative features of dream activity and there was less emotional intensity. Moreover, we confirmed the relationship between nightmares and the high risk of PTSD when subjects were grouped as a function of the increasing/decreasing frequency. Finally, our findings are partly coherent with the continuity hypothesis between oneiric and waking experiences.Serena ScarpelliValentina AlfonsiMaurizio GorgoniAlessandro MusettiMaria FilosaMaria C. QuattropaniVittorio LenzoElena VegniLidia BorghiGiorgia MargheritaMaria Francesca FredaEmanuela SaitaRoberto CattivelliGianluca CastelnuovoTommaso ManariGiuseppe PlazziLuigi De GennaroChristian FranceschiniMDPI AGarticledreamingnightmareslucid dreamssleepCOVID-19pandemicNeurosciences. Biological psychiatry. NeuropsychiatryRC321-571ENBrain Sciences, Vol 11, Iss 1375, p 1375 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	dreaming nightmares lucid dreams sleep COVID-19 pandemic Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571
spellingShingle	dreaming nightmares lucid dreams sleep COVID-19 pandemic Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571 Serena Scarpelli Valentina Alfonsi Maurizio Gorgoni Alessandro Musetti Maria Filosa Maria C. Quattropani Vittorio Lenzo Elena Vegni Lidia Borghi Giorgia Margherita Maria Francesca Freda Emanuela Saita Roberto Cattivelli Gianluca Castelnuovo Tommaso Manari Giuseppe Plazzi Luigi De Gennaro Christian Franceschini Dreams and Nightmares during the First and Second Wave of the COVID-19 Infection: A Longitudinal Study
description	Recent literature shows that the Coronovirus-19 (COVID-19) pandemic has provoked significant changes in dreaming. The current study intends to provide an update about dream variable changes during the second wave of COVID-19. A total of 611 participants completed a web survey from December 2020 to January 2021. Statistical comparisons showed that subjects had lower dream-recall frequency, nightmare frequency, lucid-dream frequency, emotional intensity, and nightmare distress during the second than the first wave of the pandemic. Dreams had a higher negative tone during the second than first wave. We revealed significant differences concerning post-traumatic growth, sleep-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and sleep measures between groups obtained as a function of the changes in the oneiric frequency between the first and second waves. We also found significant correlations between qualitative/emotional dream features and COVID-19-related factors (job change, forced quarantine, having COVID-19 infected relatives/friends, or asking for mental health help). Overall, we found that the second wave affected fewer quantitative features of dream activity and there was less emotional intensity. Moreover, we confirmed the relationship between nightmares and the high risk of PTSD when subjects were grouped as a function of the increasing/decreasing frequency. Finally, our findings are partly coherent with the continuity hypothesis between oneiric and waking experiences.
format	article
author	Serena Scarpelli Valentina Alfonsi Maurizio Gorgoni Alessandro Musetti Maria Filosa Maria C. Quattropani Vittorio Lenzo Elena Vegni Lidia Borghi Giorgia Margherita Maria Francesca Freda Emanuela Saita Roberto Cattivelli Gianluca Castelnuovo Tommaso Manari Giuseppe Plazzi Luigi De Gennaro Christian Franceschini
author_facet	Serena Scarpelli Valentina Alfonsi Maurizio Gorgoni Alessandro Musetti Maria Filosa Maria C. Quattropani Vittorio Lenzo Elena Vegni Lidia Borghi Giorgia Margherita Maria Francesca Freda Emanuela Saita Roberto Cattivelli Gianluca Castelnuovo Tommaso Manari Giuseppe Plazzi Luigi De Gennaro Christian Franceschini
author_sort	Serena Scarpelli
title	Dreams and Nightmares during the First and Second Wave of the COVID-19 Infection: A Longitudinal Study
title_short	Dreams and Nightmares during the First and Second Wave of the COVID-19 Infection: A Longitudinal Study
title_full	Dreams and Nightmares during the First and Second Wave of the COVID-19 Infection: A Longitudinal Study
title_fullStr	Dreams and Nightmares during the First and Second Wave of the COVID-19 Infection: A Longitudinal Study
title_full_unstemmed	Dreams and Nightmares during the First and Second Wave of the COVID-19 Infection: A Longitudinal Study
title_sort	dreams and nightmares during the first and second wave of the covid-19 infection: a longitudinal study
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/8773c24de1f44a2290091086987ab9e4
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Dreams and Nightmares during the First and Second Wave of the COVID-19 Infection: A Longitudinal Study

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