Detection of nanolevel drug metabolites in an organotypic culture of primary human hepatocytes and porcine hepatocytes with special reference to a two-compartment model

Ali Acikg&ouml;z,1,2 Shibashish Giri,1 Augustinus Bader11Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Cell Techniques and Applied Stem Cell Biology, Universit&auml;t Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; 2Klinikum St Georg, Leipzig, GermanyAbstract: The quantification of drug metabolites produced...

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Autores principales:	Acikg&ouml;z A, Giri S, Bader A
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2012
Materias:	Medicine (General) R5-920
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/87aa6c8684154d3f8f49a710add3955f
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:87aa6c8684154d3f8f49a710add3955f2021-12-02T02:29:54ZDetection of nanolevel drug metabolites in an organotypic culture of primary human hepatocytes and porcine hepatocytes with special reference to a two-compartment model1176-91141178-2013https://doaj.org/article/87aa6c8684154d3f8f49a710add3955f2012-11-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.dovepress.com/detection-of-nanolevel-drug-metabolites-in-an-organotypic-culture-of-p-a11606https://doaj.org/toc/1176-9114https://doaj.org/toc/1178-2013Ali Acikg&ouml;z,1,2 Shibashish Giri,1 Augustinus Bader11Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Cell Techniques and Applied Stem Cell Biology, Universit&auml;t Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; 2Klinikum St Georg, Leipzig, GermanyAbstract: The quantification of drug metabolites produced during drug metabolism is a growing concern for the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory agencies such as the US Food and Drug Administration, the European Medicines Agency, and others. As 70% of drugs are known reactive metabolites and have black box warnings, they are a major cause of drug-induced injury and lead to drug attrition in early or late clinical stages. According to a 2006 survey report of pharmaceutical companies, drug-induced liver injury was ranked first in terms of adverse events, and it remains the most common reason for restriction or withdrawal of a drug from the market by the Food and Drug Administration. Although there are many reasons underlying drug-induced liver injury, one of the most important is liver failure induced by drug metabolites. Generally, a drug produces metabolites that may bind to cellular molecules and trigger a toxicological effect, cause serious adverse drug reactions, or alter cellular functions. Experimental cellular models that attempt to qualify drug metabolites from cell cultures rely on human plasma and urine obtained from clinical trials and supernatant during early in vitro experiments. However, there is a lack of information about the quantification of drug metabolites inside human hepatocytes, where the drug is extensively metabolized. To overcome this limitation, we used the highly accepted, gold standard organotypic cellular model of primary human hepatocytes to investigate and quantify the parent drug, as well as drug metabolites inside human hepatocytes and outside human hepatocytes to evaluate the quantity of drug metabolites, which are assumed to have remained inside the primary human hepatocytes. We refer to this as a two-compartment model, where one compartment is supernatant compared with in vivo hepatic blood circulation, and the other is inside the hepatocyte cell compared with the inside of in vivo human liver. We detected the nanoconcentrations of all major metabolites (desmethyldiazepam, temazepam, and oxazepam) of the diazepam drug, both inside the cells (matrix) and outside the hepatocyte cells (supernatant) at different time points (primary human hepatocytes: 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours; primary porcine hepatocytes: 0, 1, 2, 5, and 24 hours) during biotransformation in an organotypic sandwich cellular model. Although it is difficult to detect tissue distribution of metabolites in humans, we strongly recommend testing in a two-compartment model of primary human hepatocytes, as nonhuman models may not reflect human metabolism. Preclinical drug screening assessment tests that use this two-compartment strategy may facilitate safer registration of new drug candidates.Keywords: drug metabolites, two-compartment model, primary human hepatocytes, primary porcine hepatocytes, organotypic sandwich modelAcikg&ouml;z AGiri SBader ADove Medical PressarticleMedicine (General)R5-920ENInternational Journal of Nanomedicine, Vol 2012, Iss default, Pp 5859-5872 (2012)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine (General) R5-920
spellingShingle	Medicine (General) R5-920 Acikg&ouml;z A Giri S Bader A Detection of nanolevel drug metabolites in an organotypic culture of primary human hepatocytes and porcine hepatocytes with special reference to a two-compartment model
description	Ali Acikg&ouml;z,1,2 Shibashish Giri,1 Augustinus Bader11Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Cell Techniques and Applied Stem Cell Biology, Universit&auml;t Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; 2Klinikum St Georg, Leipzig, GermanyAbstract: The quantification of drug metabolites produced during drug metabolism is a growing concern for the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory agencies such as the US Food and Drug Administration, the European Medicines Agency, and others. As 70% of drugs are known reactive metabolites and have black box warnings, they are a major cause of drug-induced injury and lead to drug attrition in early or late clinical stages. According to a 2006 survey report of pharmaceutical companies, drug-induced liver injury was ranked first in terms of adverse events, and it remains the most common reason for restriction or withdrawal of a drug from the market by the Food and Drug Administration. Although there are many reasons underlying drug-induced liver injury, one of the most important is liver failure induced by drug metabolites. Generally, a drug produces metabolites that may bind to cellular molecules and trigger a toxicological effect, cause serious adverse drug reactions, or alter cellular functions. Experimental cellular models that attempt to qualify drug metabolites from cell cultures rely on human plasma and urine obtained from clinical trials and supernatant during early in vitro experiments. However, there is a lack of information about the quantification of drug metabolites inside human hepatocytes, where the drug is extensively metabolized. To overcome this limitation, we used the highly accepted, gold standard organotypic cellular model of primary human hepatocytes to investigate and quantify the parent drug, as well as drug metabolites inside human hepatocytes and outside human hepatocytes to evaluate the quantity of drug metabolites, which are assumed to have remained inside the primary human hepatocytes. We refer to this as a two-compartment model, where one compartment is supernatant compared with in vivo hepatic blood circulation, and the other is inside the hepatocyte cell compared with the inside of in vivo human liver. We detected the nanoconcentrations of all major metabolites (desmethyldiazepam, temazepam, and oxazepam) of the diazepam drug, both inside the cells (matrix) and outside the hepatocyte cells (supernatant) at different time points (primary human hepatocytes: 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours; primary porcine hepatocytes: 0, 1, 2, 5, and 24 hours) during biotransformation in an organotypic sandwich cellular model. Although it is difficult to detect tissue distribution of metabolites in humans, we strongly recommend testing in a two-compartment model of primary human hepatocytes, as nonhuman models may not reflect human metabolism. Preclinical drug screening assessment tests that use this two-compartment strategy may facilitate safer registration of new drug candidates.Keywords: drug metabolites, two-compartment model, primary human hepatocytes, primary porcine hepatocytes, organotypic sandwich model
format	article
author	Acikg&ouml;z A Giri S Bader A
author_facet	Acikg&ouml;z A Giri S Bader A
author_sort	Acikg&ouml;z A
title	Detection of nanolevel drug metabolites in an organotypic culture of primary human hepatocytes and porcine hepatocytes with special reference to a two-compartment model
title_short	Detection of nanolevel drug metabolites in an organotypic culture of primary human hepatocytes and porcine hepatocytes with special reference to a two-compartment model
title_full	Detection of nanolevel drug metabolites in an organotypic culture of primary human hepatocytes and porcine hepatocytes with special reference to a two-compartment model
title_fullStr	Detection of nanolevel drug metabolites in an organotypic culture of primary human hepatocytes and porcine hepatocytes with special reference to a two-compartment model
title_full_unstemmed	Detection of nanolevel drug metabolites in an organotypic culture of primary human hepatocytes and porcine hepatocytes with special reference to a two-compartment model
title_sort	detection of nanolevel drug metabolites in an organotypic culture of primary human hepatocytes and porcine hepatocytes with special reference to a two-compartment model
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2012
url	https://doaj.org/article/87aa6c8684154d3f8f49a710add3955f
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Detection of nanolevel drug metabolites in an organotypic culture of primary human hepatocytes and porcine hepatocytes with special reference to a two-compartment model

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