Long-Term Effects of the Use of Organic Amendments and Crop Rotation on Soil Properties in Southeast Spain

The evolution of soil chemical properties over 20 years was monitored to assess the effects of the change in soil management from a rainfed to an irrigated model and the use of organic amendments and crop rotation. Intensive agriculture has been the activity that has caused most degradation and cont...

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Autores principales:	Antonio Sánchez-Navarro, Juan Sánchez-Martínez, Eva María Barba-Corbalán, Magdalena Valverde-Pérez, Aldara Girona-Ruíz, María José Delgado-Iniesta
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	sustainable management soil conservation organic fertilizer soil profile Agriculture S
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/87bf1083dc1d42eb89fe05c24fe9caaa
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:87bf1083dc1d42eb89fe05c24fe9caaa2021-11-25T16:12:38ZLong-Term Effects of the Use of Organic Amendments and Crop Rotation on Soil Properties in Southeast Spain10.3390/agronomy111123632073-4395https://doaj.org/article/87bf1083dc1d42eb89fe05c24fe9caaa2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/11/2363https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4395The evolution of soil chemical properties over 20 years was monitored to assess the effects of the change in soil management from a rainfed to an irrigated model and the use of organic amendments and crop rotation. Intensive agriculture has been the activity that has caused most degradation and contamination of this soil. Long-term monitoring of the soil profile made it possible to assess its response to the application of sustainable agricultural techniques intended to offset these effects. Three profiles of the same soil were studied—P1 (1998), P2 (2003), P3 (2017)—to show the evolution in time and space. An incipient degradation process was detected in the first five years, verified by increases in salinity (2.3 dS m<sup>−1</sup>), exchangeable Na (0.5 g kg<sup>−1</sup>), and TN (1.3 g kg<sup>−1</sup>) in P2 in comparison with P1 (1.0, 0.2, and 1.1, respectively). There was also leaching towards the deep horizons for TN (0.4, 0.9, and 0.7 g kg<sup>−1</sup> for P1, P2, and P3, respectively), and for assimilable elements such as P (1.1, 6.4, and 3.8), Fe (2.0, 2.1, and 5.6), Mn (0.3, 6.5, and 1.9), Zn (0.3, 0.5, and 0.9), and Cu (0.5, 0.6, and 1.3) (all mg kg<sup>−1</sup>, for P1, P2, and P3, respectively). Between 2004 and 2017, organic amendments (sheep manure) were reduced by 50%, crop rotation was intensified, and green fertilization and forage maize cultivation were included. As a result, P3 showed an improvement in comparison with P2, with decreases in EC (1.4 dS m<sup>−1</sup>), exchangeable Na (0.2 g kg<sup>−1</sup>), and TN (0.8 g kg<sup>−1</sup>). The change in soil management enhanced some soil functions (carbon sink and chemical fertility) and attenuated soil degradation.Antonio Sánchez-NavarroJuan Sánchez-MartínezEva María Barba-CorbalánMagdalena Valverde-PérezAldara Girona-RuízMaría José Delgado-IniestaMDPI AGarticlesustainable managementsoil conservationorganic fertilizersoil profileAgricultureSENAgronomy, Vol 11, Iss 2363, p 2363 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	sustainable management soil conservation organic fertilizer soil profile Agriculture S
spellingShingle	sustainable management soil conservation organic fertilizer soil profile Agriculture S Antonio Sánchez-Navarro Juan Sánchez-Martínez Eva María Barba-Corbalán Magdalena Valverde-Pérez Aldara Girona-Ruíz María José Delgado-Iniesta Long-Term Effects of the Use of Organic Amendments and Crop Rotation on Soil Properties in Southeast Spain
description	The evolution of soil chemical properties over 20 years was monitored to assess the effects of the change in soil management from a rainfed to an irrigated model and the use of organic amendments and crop rotation. Intensive agriculture has been the activity that has caused most degradation and contamination of this soil. Long-term monitoring of the soil profile made it possible to assess its response to the application of sustainable agricultural techniques intended to offset these effects. Three profiles of the same soil were studied—P1 (1998), P2 (2003), P3 (2017)—to show the evolution in time and space. An incipient degradation process was detected in the first five years, verified by increases in salinity (2.3 dS m<sup>−1</sup>), exchangeable Na (0.5 g kg<sup>−1</sup>), and TN (1.3 g kg<sup>−1</sup>) in P2 in comparison with P1 (1.0, 0.2, and 1.1, respectively). There was also leaching towards the deep horizons for TN (0.4, 0.9, and 0.7 g kg<sup>−1</sup> for P1, P2, and P3, respectively), and for assimilable elements such as P (1.1, 6.4, and 3.8), Fe (2.0, 2.1, and 5.6), Mn (0.3, 6.5, and 1.9), Zn (0.3, 0.5, and 0.9), and Cu (0.5, 0.6, and 1.3) (all mg kg<sup>−1</sup>, for P1, P2, and P3, respectively). Between 2004 and 2017, organic amendments (sheep manure) were reduced by 50%, crop rotation was intensified, and green fertilization and forage maize cultivation were included. As a result, P3 showed an improvement in comparison with P2, with decreases in EC (1.4 dS m<sup>−1</sup>), exchangeable Na (0.2 g kg<sup>−1</sup>), and TN (0.8 g kg<sup>−1</sup>). The change in soil management enhanced some soil functions (carbon sink and chemical fertility) and attenuated soil degradation.
format	article
author	Antonio Sánchez-Navarro Juan Sánchez-Martínez Eva María Barba-Corbalán Magdalena Valverde-Pérez Aldara Girona-Ruíz María José Delgado-Iniesta
author_facet	Antonio Sánchez-Navarro Juan Sánchez-Martínez Eva María Barba-Corbalán Magdalena Valverde-Pérez Aldara Girona-Ruíz María José Delgado-Iniesta
author_sort	Antonio Sánchez-Navarro
title	Long-Term Effects of the Use of Organic Amendments and Crop Rotation on Soil Properties in Southeast Spain
title_short	Long-Term Effects of the Use of Organic Amendments and Crop Rotation on Soil Properties in Southeast Spain
title_full	Long-Term Effects of the Use of Organic Amendments and Crop Rotation on Soil Properties in Southeast Spain
title_fullStr	Long-Term Effects of the Use of Organic Amendments and Crop Rotation on Soil Properties in Southeast Spain
title_full_unstemmed	Long-Term Effects of the Use of Organic Amendments and Crop Rotation on Soil Properties in Southeast Spain
title_sort	long-term effects of the use of organic amendments and crop rotation on soil properties in southeast spain
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/87bf1083dc1d42eb89fe05c24fe9caaa
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Long-Term Effects of the Use of Organic Amendments and Crop Rotation on Soil Properties in Southeast Spain

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